Rwenzururu is a subnational kingdom in western Uganda, located in the Rwenzori Mountains on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It includes the districts of Bundibugyo, Kasese and Ntoroko.[1] Rwenzururu is also the name given to the region the kingdom is located in.[2]
Kingdom of Rwenzururu Obusinga bwa Rwenzururu (Konjo) | |
|---|---|
 Flag | |
.png) Location of Rwenzururu (red) in Uganda (pink) | |
| Capital | Kasese |
| Official languages | Konjo, English |
| Ethnic groups | Bakonjo Baamba |
| Demonym(s) | Omunyarwenzururu (singular) Abanyarwenzururu (plural) |
| Government | Constitutional monarchy |
• Omusinga | Irema-Ngoma I |
| Establishment | |
• Independence declared from the Tooro Kingdom | 30 June 1962 |
• Autonomy granted by the Ugandan government | 13 August 1982 |
• Recognised as a cultural institution | 17 March 2008 |
| Area | |
• Total | 4,808.2 km2 (1,856.5 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• Estimate | 900,000 |
| Currency | Ugandan shilling |
| Time zone | UTC+3 |
| Calling code | 256 |
| Person | Mukonzo |
|---|---|
| People | Bakonzo |
| Language | Lhukonzo |
Rwenzururu's first Omusinga (king), Isaya Mukirania (Kibanzanga I), declared independence from the Tooro Kingdom on 30 June 1962. However, the Ugandan government did not officially recognise the kingdom's legitimacy until 17 March 2008.
Background
edit
The Rwenzururu region is inhabited by the Konjo and Amba peoples. In the early 20th century, these two tribes were integrated into the Tooro Kingdom as a political maneuver by the British colonialists: the neighboring Bunyoro monarchy was anti-colonialist and the British wished to strengthen the pro-British Tooro. The Bakonjo and Baamba initially accepted being arbitrarily made subjects of the Tooro monarch with resignation, but asked the Uganda Protectorate to provide them their own district in the 1950s, separate from the Tooro District.[3] The movement declared that they were not part of the Tooro Kingdom on 30 June 1962, three months before national independence.[4]
History
editThe Bakonzo and Baamba were serfs under Tooro Kingdom. Tooro controlled the Lake Katwe and the Kasenyi crater lakes where salt was mined.[5] The Batooro only taught their language in schools. Bursaries and scholarships, tax assessor positions, senior positions in the administration of the Tooro kingdom were primarily given to the Batooro.[5] These grievances caused Isaaya Mukirane, Peter Mupalia and Jeremiah Kawamara to walk out of the Rukurato, Tooro kingdom’s parliament on the March 13, 1962.[5]
Isaaya Mukirane, Peter Mupalia and Jeremiah Kawamara submitted their grievances to Omukama Kamurasi Rukidi, who later rejected them. The three were arrested and charged for insulting the Omukama. They were released on bail on July 19, 1962.[5]
After their request was denied by the colonial authorities, the Bakonjo and Baamba launched a low-intensity guerrilla war that continued through independence after the Milton Obote regime warned them against secession.[5] The movement carrying out the armed struggle was named "Rwenzururu".[3] While the movement began to achieve recognition as a separate district, it eventually became a movement to secede and form their own kingdom.[6] The Rwenzururu Freedom movement declared an independent Kingdom of Rwenzururu on 30 June 1962, three months before national independence, with Isaya Mukirania as the Omusinga (king).[4][7][5][2][8]
The violence reached a height in 1963 and 1964, when Tooro soldiers massacred many Konjo and Amba people as they sought to control the lower valleys. The Ugandan army intervened against the separatists, doing such significant damage to the Rwenzururu that the movement was suppressed for some time.[6] The movement, however, achieved fame through a local folk epic.[9]
In 1976 the Amin government created the district of Kasese separated from the Tooro district, but the Rwenzururu deemed this insufficient.[5]
The Rwenzururu gradually re-established itself in the collapse of the regime of Idi Amin in 1979 where President Godfrey Lukongwa Binaisa, granted Kasese district the right to appoint their own DC (district commissioner) and chiefs.[5]
In October 1980, Amon Bazira, a Uganda People’s Congress Member of parliament for Kasese talked with the Rwenzururu to support the UPC. And the Rwenzururu used terrorist strategies to force people to vote for UPC.[5] Those strategies led to the assassination of Vito Muhindo who was the Democratic Party candidate. And Chrispus Kiyonga a Uganda Patrotic Movement candidate won the Member of Parliament seat.[5] The Batooro, Bakiga and Banyankore were not allowed to register as candidates as they were informed to leave Kasese district before the registrations begun.[5]
As government soldiers retreated in the Uganda-Tanzania War, the Rwenzururu looted the weapons and supplies left behind. Thus well-armed, the Rwenzururu was once again able to pose a serious threat to regional control from 1979 to 1982. In 1982, however, the administration of President Milton Obote negotiated a settlement with the Rwenzururu leaders in which they agreed to abandon the goal of secession in exchange for "a degree of local autonomy," the appointment of Bakonjo and Baamba to government administrative posts, and economic benefits such as vehicles and educational scholarships to be distributed by local elders.[10] During the negotiations, the government preferred direct talks, as they believed third-party mediation would give legitimacy to the Rwenzururu claim.[11]
Amon Bazira had been a key person in the negotiations between the Rwenzururu and Obote government. His insight was that the Rwenzururu was a largely middle class organization that could be placated with commercial prizes. He later approached President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire and President Daniel arap Moi of Kenya, who both had grounds for disliking the new Ugandan government led by Yoweri Museveni, for support for new Bakonjo rebellion under an organization called the National Army for the Liberation of Uganda (NALU). Bazira was shot dead in the State House in Nakuru, Kenya in 1993, a probable target of Ugandan agents.[12] In 1995, Sudanese agents engineered the merging of the remnants of NALU with the Uganda Muslim Liberation Army and the Baganda monarchist Allied Democratic Movement in order to give these latter organizations a local constituency, creating the Allied Democratic Forces.[13]
Charles Mumbere was installed as the Omusinga wa Rwenzururu after the death of his father (Isaya Mukirania by the clan leaders and the elders.[2][14]
Government recognition
editIn 2001, the Bakonzo asked the Ugandan government for their own state.[15]
A survey carried out by Makerere University found that 87% of the local population in Rwenzururu favored the creation of a kingdom.[16][17][18] In 2005, President Museveni directed a ministerial committee headed by Second Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Public Service Henry Kajura to investigate the Rwenzururu claim to a kingdom and issue a report of his findings. The report stated that over 80% of the Bakonjo and Baamba favoured the creation of a kingdom with Charles Mumbere as the Omusinga (king).[19][20] It further found that there is no historical claim for a Rwenzururu kingdom or a group of people called Banyarwenzururu, but recommended that the government bow to the wishes of the people.[21][22] Pursuant to these recommendations, on 17 March 2008 the Ugandan cabinet endorsed the Kingdom of Rwenzururu as a cultural institution and crowned Mumbere as Omusinga Irema-Ngoma I.[19][23][24][25] Three contenders for the throne criticized the government's recognition of Mumbere as Omusinga of Rwenzururu.[26][24] The government restored the Kingdom of Rwenzururu in 2009.[5]
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ MUHINDO, SAMUEL (21 January 2022). "Why every Mukonzo family seems to have a Baluku, Bwambale or Kule". The Observer - Uganda. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ a b c "Rwenzururu the very spirit of the Bakonzo". New Vision. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ a b Prunier, 82
- ^ a b "Our History", rwenzururu.or.ug (accessed 13 February 2017)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l TUCCIARONE, EMMA MUTAIZIBWA & ALEXANDER. "How Rwenzururu kingdom came to be". The Observer - Uganda. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ a b Rothchild, 90
- ^ "Rwenzururu Kingdom wants Isaya Mukirania declare hero". Ugpulse (Ultimate Media). 5 September 2011.
- ^ "Bwambale helped found Rwenzururu Kingdom". Monitor. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- ^ Prunier, 82-83. See Kirsten Alnaes, "Songs of the Rwenzururu Rebellion," in P. H. Gulliver, ed., Tradition and Transition in East Africa (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969), 243-272.
- ^ Forrest, 222
- ^ Rothchild, 91
- ^ Prunier, 83
- ^ Prunier, 87
- ^ "The return of Rwenzururu; the kingdom of the hills". The EastAfrican. 14 November 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- ^ "Bakonzo elite ask Govt for own state". New Vision. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ "Uganda: Welcome Rwenzururu", editorial by the New Vision, 31 March 2008
- ^ "Must the Bakonzo eat a rat first?". New Vision. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ "Bakonzo Hold Talks Over Rwenzururu". New Vision. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Cabinet recognises Obusinga Bwa Rwenzururu" Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Ugee! Uganda Online, 31 March 2008 (accessed 6 June 2009)
- ^ "Bakonzo mass circumcision ceremony called off". Monitor. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ "Uganda: Rwenzururu Kingdom Has Never Existed" by Caleb Mukirane, opinion in New Vision, 3 October 2007 (accessed 6 June 2009)
- ^ "No Bakonzo Kingdom, Says Kiyonga". New Vision. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ Kiyonga, Derrick (6 January 2017). "Basongora run to court over dominant Bakonzo". The Observer - Uganda. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Bakonzo celebrate recognition of Rwenzururu kingdom". New Vision. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ "When will the Bakonzo king be". New Vision. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ "Bakonzo contestants attack govt over Mumbere’s kingship"[permanent dead link] by Ephraim Kasozi & Joseph Miti, The Monitor, 7 April 2008 (accessed 6 June 2009)
Sources
edit- Forrest, Joshua (2004). Subnationalism in Africa: ethnicity, alliances, and politics. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58826-227-1. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
- Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537420-9.
- Rothchild, Donald S. (1997). Managing ethnic conflict in Africa: pressures and incentives for cooperation. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-7593-5. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
Further reading
edit- Arthur Syahuku-Muhindo, "The Rwenzururu Movement and the Democratic Struggle," in M. Mamdani and J. Oloka-Onyango, eds., Uganda: Studies in Living Conditions, Popular Movements and Constitutionalism (Vienna: JEP Books, 1994), p. 273-317.
- Kambere, Amos Mubunga (2010). Celebrating literacy in the Rwenzori region : lest we forget : a biographical narrative of Uganda's youngest member of parliament, 1980-1985. Victoria: Trafford. ISBN 978-1-4269-3098-0.
- Stacey, Tom (2003). Tribe: The Hidden History of the Mountains of the Moon. Stacey International. ISBN 1-900988-76-3.
External links
edit- The Deepening Politics of Fragmentation in Uganda: Understanding Violence in the Rwenzori Region
- About Rwenzori Region