Shawnee was a passenger steam turbine-powered ship built in 1926-1927 by Newport News Ship Building & Drydock Co. of Newport News for Clyde Steamship Company, a subsidiary of Atlantic, Gulf & West Indies Steamship Lines (AGWI Lines) with intention of operating between New York and southern ports of the United States. During the World War II the liner was requisitioned by the US Government, and served as the United States Army Transport from September 1942 to March 1946 in the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific. Following the end of the war, the ship was sold to a Portuguese company and renamed City of Lisbon, and subsequently resold to Yugoslavia, becoming Partizanka operating with the shipping company Jugoslavenska Linijska Plovidba until 1949 when the steamer burned while in drydock and was declared a total loss.
 Iroquois and Shawnee from the collection of Björn Larsson.
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
| Name |
|
| Namesake | Shawnee |
| Owner |
|
| Builder | Newport News Ship Building & Drydock Co., Newport News |
| Yard number | 307 |
| Laid down | 15 May 1926 |
| Launched | 18 April 1927 |
| Sponsored by | Miss Eleanor Hoyt |
| Completed | 21 July 1927 |
| Maiden voyage | 27 July 1927 |
| Identification |
|
| Fate | Fire, 12 August 1949 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | |
| Length |
|
| Beam | 62 ft 2 in (18.9 m) |
| Depth | 19 ft 4 in (5.9 m) |
| Installed power | 2,246 Nhp, 8,500 shp |
| Propulsion | 4 x Newport News Ship Building & Drydock Co. steam turbines, single reduction geared to two screws |
| Speed | 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) |
| Capacity | 723 passengers |
| Crew | 174 |
Design and construction
editEarly in 1925 Clyde Steamship Co. inaugurated an ambitious shipbuilding program designed to augment their cargo and passenger carrying capabilities between New York, Carolinas and Florida. Overall, six new modern liners were ordered, starting with Mohawk and ending with Shawnee, for a total cost of approximately US$14,000,000. Four vessels of the program were similar to Mohawk, but the last two, future SS Iroquois and SS Shawnee, were bigger and more luxurious passenger liners. The contract for all these vessels was awarded to the Newport News Ship Building & Drydock Co. and Shawnee was laid down at the shipbuilder's yard in Newport News (yard number 307) on 15 May 1926 and launched on 18 April 1927, with Miss Eleanor Hoyt of New York, serving as the sponsor.[1][2] The ship was primarily designed for passenger transportation and was built for speed being able to cover the distance between New York and Jacksonville in less than two days. The steamship had four passenger decks, with two of them being designed as glass-enclosed promenades. The vessel provided accommodations in single cabins and suites for 723 passengers, all of them being provided with private baths, running hot and cold water and electrical lights, with interior decorations designed and created by a nationally renowned interior designer Herbert R. Stone. An observatory and a library on the upper deck, a tea room, a dancing deck, a smoking lounge and a barber shop in addition to a spacious dining hall able to sit 250 people at once were also constructed to provide entertainment for the would be passengers.[1] Shawnee had electric lights in suites and along the decks and was also equipped with wireless. The steamer had freight decks separated into ventilated watertight and fire-proof compartments, some of them chilled with refrigerating machinery for safe transportation of fruits and vegetables from southern states. Ample space was also specially designed and reserved for transportation of automobiles to ensure passengers could bring their autos with them.[1] The liner was equipped with oil-burning machinery, and fuel and storage tanks of 7,920 barrels capacity.
As built, the ship was 394 feet 7 inches (120.27 m) long (between perpendiculars) and 62 feet 2 inches (18.95 m) abeam, and had a depth of 19 feet 4 inches (5.89 m).[3] Shawnee was assessed at 6,209 GRT and 3,405 NRT and had loaded displacement of 8,500 long tons (8,636 t).[3] The vessel had a steel hull with double bottom, and four oil-burning steam turbines, producing 8,500 shp of power, single reduction geared to two screw propellers, that moved the ship at up to 19.0 knots (21.9 mph; 35.2 km/h).
Following an inspection, the steamer was transferred to her owners on July 21 and departed for New York in the evening of the same day.[4]
Operational history
editShawnee and Iroquois operated schedules along the Atlantic coast of North America, from New York visiting as far north as Quebec, Montreal and Halifax with main service south to Florida and Galveston with occasional cruises into the Caribbean.[5][6] On 13 September 1939 Shawnee, chartered by the government through United States Lines for one round trip voyage from New York to Bordeaux, was one of five ships along with Acadia, Iroquois, Orizaba, and St. John were used to evacuate stranded American citizens from France.[6][7][8]
AGWI Lines delivered Shawnee in New Orleans on 18 December 1941 to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) but continued to operate the ship for the Army under a WSA agreement.[9]
U.S. Army Transport
editOn 20 September 1942 WSA allocated the ship to the United States Army which operated the ship as U.S. Army Transport (USAT) Shawnee under bareboat charter until returned to WSA on 4 March 1946 and control returned to the line on 14 June 1946.[9]
Immediately after delivery in New Orleans the ship was converted for troop transport at Todd-Johnson Shipyards. On conversion Shawnee began transport between New Orleans and the Canal Zone, making four trips, the last one with 594 interned aliens. After a month undergoing repairs the ship began reinforcement in May 1942 of the Caribbean bases at San Juan, Jamaica, Trinidad and Panama. The next operation was from New Orleans to Panama, Arica and Callao. After passing through Panama the ship went to New York where the Army took over full operation on 20 September 1942 under a bareboat charter from WSA to formally become USAT Shawnee.[10]
The ship underwent a major repairs until leaving in January 1943 for Oran which had been taken as an Allied port during the North African landings in November. With a return to Boston and then operating out of New York Shawnee operated in the North Atlantic to British ports and North Africa until early 1944.[10]
After a stop in New Orleans the ship transited to the Pacific and ports in the South Pacific and Southwest Pacific (SWPA) areas of operations until return to San Francisco, the major Army Port of Embarkation for the Pacific in April. From there the ship made one trip to New Guinea with a return for repairs and then a round trip between Seattle and Honolulu. In July 1944 Shawnee went back to SWPA and became a part of the command's permanent local fleet with the SWPA identification number X-127.[10][note 1] In SWPA the ship was used for support of operations from Australia into the island campaigns from New Guinea northward.[11] At one point Shawnee was considered for use as an Army Hospital Ship because its passenger configuration had suitable large spaces for hospital operations. There are indications the ship was used locally as an ambulance transport, a troop transport that carried troops outbound and wounded on return, with one reference citing an official report of a voyage "aboard the Station Hospital USAT Shawnee" though the ship was never formally designated hospital ship by the Army or officially for immunity from attack.[12][13][14] The ship visited many of the notable locations of that theater of war including Guadalcanal, though the battles there were over, Bougainville, and Leyte.
In early 1945 the ship was released from the SWPA fleet and was repaired at San Francisco leaving in May for Honolulu. From there the ship operated in the central Pacific with stops at Eniwetok and Ulithi and SWPA areas of Leyte, Manila, and Samar. In December 1945 the ship left from Hawaii for New York where return to WSA and AGWI Lines took place on 4 March 1946.[9][10] The ship was then laid up in New York.[7]
City of Lisbon (March—September 1947)
editThe ship was sold by AGWI Lines in 1946, though Maritime Commission records show actual sale on 11 March 1947, to a Panama entity which re-flagged the ship to Panamana under the name City of Lisbon.[7][9] Though Panamanian-flagged the ship was owned by a Portuguese company, the Iberian Star Line, and operated out of Portugal. On 28 May 1947 City of Lisbon was damaged in a collision with the cargo ship Virgolin. Though intended for scrapping the owners sold the ship to Yugoslavia.[7]
Partizanka (1947-1950)
edit
In September 1947 the ship was bought by Jugoslavenska Linijska Plovidba and renamed Partizanka and converted at Rijeka to carry about 800 passengers.[9][7] Portuguese sources note the diplomatic arrangements involved in Yugoslavia's acquisition of the ship.[15]
The ship left Malta on 15 December 1947 for Australia stopping at Fremantle 9 January 1948 and arriving Sydney 15 January with 808 migrants including three babies born on the voyage. Partizanka left Australia bound for the Middle East and then operated out of Rijeka to South America for the remainder of 1948. The ship left Trieste in March 1949 with a second group of migrants of 18 nationalities for Australia arriving 6 April. The next day the ship departed for Split. While in drydock on 12 August 1949 the ship burned and declared a total loss.[7]
Some of the immigrants to Australia were from the program "Employment of Scientific and Technical Enemy Aliens" which was aimed by Australia to recruit Germans.[16][self-published source]
See also
edit- SS Iroquois (1927) - sister ship[17]
Footnotes
edit- ^ Ships retained or acquired in SWPA were given "X" numbers" in 1942 that were changed to "Y" numbers later in the war. The numbers were administrative numbers but not as usual with the Navy prominently displayed on hulls.
References
edit- ^ a b c "Launched at Yard for Clyde S. S. Co". Daily Press. 19 April 1927. p. 12. Retrieved 7 January 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Shawnee (2226696)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
- ^ a b Merchant Vessels of the United States. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. 1927–1928.
- ^ "On the Waterfront". Daily Press. 22 July 1927. p. 11. Retrieved 7 January 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Larsson, Björn. "Clyde-Mallory Lines". Maritime Timetable Images. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ^ a b Miller, William H. (2001). Picture History of American Passenger Ships. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 0486409678. LCCN 00052379. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f Plowman, Peter (2006). Australian Migrant Ships 1946 - 1977. Dural, N.S.W., Australia: Rosenberg Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 1877058408. LCCN 2006445678. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ^ Swiggum, S.; Kohli, M. (November 13, 2009). "United States Lines". TheShipsList. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ^ a b c d e Maritime Administration. "Shawnee". Ship History Database Vessel Status Card. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ^ a b c d Charles, Roland W. (1947). Troopships of World War II (PDF). Washington: The Army Transportation Association. p. 58. LCCN 47004779. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ^ Masterson, Dr. James R. (1949). U. S. Army Transportation In The Southwest Pacific Area 1941-1947. Washington, D. C.: Transportation Unit, Historical Division, Special Staff, U. S. Army. p. Appendix 30, p. 6.
- ^ Larson, Harold (1944). Army Hospital Ships. Washington, D. C.: Office of the Chief of Transportation, Army Service Forces, U. S. Army. pp. 12, 16, 36.
- ^ Masterson, Karen (2014). The Malaria Project : The U.S. government's secret mission to find a miracle cure. New York, New York: New American Library — Penguin Group. ISBN 9780451467324. LCCN 2014018351. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ^ Dunn, Peter (11 September 2018). "No. 1 Special Wireless Group Royal Canadian Corps Of Signals (RCCS) In Australia During WW2". Australia @ War. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ^ Carvalho, Jorge Santos (2012). As relações Jugoslavo-Portuguesas. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra / Coimbra University Press. pp. 38, 190. ISBN 978-9892601465.
- ^ Muenstermann, Ingrid (2015). Some Personal Stories of German Immigration to Australia since 1945. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1503503137.
- ^ "Progress of Construction". Pacific Marine Review. June 1927. p. 298.
