Samira Azzam (Arabic: سميرة عزام) (13 September 1927 – 8 August 1967) was a Palestinian writer, broadcaster, and translator [1] known for her collections of short stories. In 1948, Azzam fled Palestine with her husband and family in the Nakba. Her collections of stories are renowned for examining the entirety of the Palestinian identity during this time period.[2] Her first set of short stories, Small Things, was published in 1954, and examined women's role in Palestinian society. After returning to Beirut in 1959, she examined other Palestinian social structures such as the class hierarchy. She published two more collections of short stories during her life, The Big Shadow and The Clock and the Man. Throughout her writing, she does not cast blame as to the cause of these social structures, but rather creates plot lines that characterize these different sub-cultures within Palestinian society, relating them to political situation of this historical period. Therefore, her writing creates a very holistic view of Palestinian national identity during this time in history.
Samira Azzam | |
|---|---|
| Born | 13 September 1927 Acre, Mandatory Palestine |
| Died | 8 August 1967 (aged 39) |
| Occupation |
|
| Genre | Short stories |
| Subject | Palestinian identity |
Life
editSamira Azzam was born into a Christian Orthodox family[3] in Acre, in Mandatory Palestine. She attended elementary school in Acre and high school in Haifa at "Takmilyet Al-Rahibat."[4] before becoming a school teacher at age 16. During this time, she began writing articles for a Palestinian newspaper under the alias “Coastal Girl.” In 1948, Azzam and her family were relocated to Lebanon due to the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight. Azzam left her family after two years to become the headmistress of an all girls school in Iraq.[3] It was in Iraq that she began her career as a radio broadcaster for the Near East Asia Broadcasting Company.[3] First, she wrote for the program “Women's Corner” [4] before being moved to Beirut by the broadcasting station, where she was the head of the program “With the Morning.”.[4] Her voice became a regular presence in the lives of many Arabs, making her writing all the more powerful.[3]
On 24 December 1959, Azzam married Adib Yousef Hasan. They returned to Iraq for a short period of time. However, they had to leave when the monarchy fell, and the new republic accused Azzam's broadcasts of being hostile towards it.[4] Upon her return to Beirut, she began writing for numerous women's publications as well as translating English classics into Arabic.[3] She became extremely politically active in the 1960s.[5]
She died of a heart attack on 8 August 1967.
Writing and major themes
editMuch of Azzam's writing revolved around the Palestinian experience in the diaspora.[6] Major themes in her works included precision and control; her stories often revolved around a specific action or choice. (Jayyusi) Azzam's first collection of short stories, titled Little Things, was published in 1954.[4] Throughout this collection, characters struggle and, in many cases, fail in their endeavors, often because they lack a sense of identity or purpose.[3] In her story "Because He Loved Them," Azzam portrays a hardworking farmer who loses everything in the 1948 exodus. He is then reduced to peasant status, turning to alcohol for comfort. The story ends with him murdering his wife in a drunken rage.[7] Throughout the story, he is not characterized as evil or vengeful, but rather a man of noble character who was so affected by losing everything he loved that he made poor decisions.[7]
Azzam developed an extensive commentary on women in society, especially in her early writing. Instead of blaming the struggles women face on oppression by men, she attributes them to society as a whole.[3] This commentary is also developed in "Because He Loved Them." Azzam blamed the wife's murder on the circumstances surrounding her husband rather than the husband himself, with the wife a "victim of circumstance."[7]
Although Azzam initially masked her political views in her writing, it became increasingly obvious that her stories were an allegory for Palestinian political struggles. Her views on these struggles also surfaced, sometimes overpowering the artistic value of the story.[3] In her story "On the Way to Solomon's Pools," Azzam tells the story of a village teacher who single-handedly tries to take down the encroaching Israeli forces. Though ultimately unsuccessful, his struggle represents the Palestinian fight for survival, even when faced with insurmountable opposition. He then buries his only son in the soil under a tree. This action represents the ever-present feeling of hope within the Palestine people that one day, their home will belong to them again.[7]
Many of the motifs found in her stories stem from the struggles Azzam faced throughout her life. Her heroines are largely independent, many of whom work, just as Azzam did from an early age. Many of them are responsible for supporting their family and appreciate the value of money and the comfort it allows them.[3] Her characters are generally viewed as realistic, even by contemporary critics.[3] She focused on struggles faced by common people, though she did not belong to this demographic herself.[citation needed]
Throughout the 1960s, much of her efforts were put toward drafting a novel, which she reportedly destroyed upon hearing of the Arabs' defeat during the Six-Day War in 1967.[3] The novel was titled Sinai Without Borders. Two volumes of her stories were published posthumously.[citation needed]
Works
edit- Little Things (1954 – stories)
- The Big Shadow (1956 – stories)
- And Other Stories (1960 – stories)
- The Clock and the Man (1963 – stories)
- The Festival Through the Western Window (1971 – stories)
- Echoes (2000 – stories)
References
edit- ^ Elmessiri, Abdel; Elmessiri, Nur (1998). A Land of Stone and Thyme: and Anthology of Palestinian Short Stories. Quartet Books, Limited. p. 244. ISBN 9780704370920.
- ^ Miller, Jane Eldridge (2001). Who's Who in Contemporary Women's Writing. London: Routledge.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Piselli, Kathyanne (1988). "Samira Azzam: Author's Works and Vision". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 20. Cambridge University Press: 93–100. doi:10.1017/S0020743800057524.
- ^ a b c d e "Samira Azzam: A Profile from the Archives". Jadaliyya.
- ^ Khalil-Habib, Nejmeh. "Samira Azzam (1926-1967): Memory of a Lost Land" (PDF). www.nobleworld.biz.
- ^ Jayyusi, Salma Khadra (1992). Anthology of Modern Palestinian Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-07509-1.
- ^ a b c d Suleiman, Yasir (1991). "Palestine and the Palestinians in the Short Stories of Samīra ʿAzzām". Journal of Arabic Literature. 22 (2): 154–165. doi:10.1163/157006491x00142.