Sarah Hang Gong née Bowman (23 April 1844 – 6 April 1911) was a interpreter, midwife and Chinese community leader and businesswoman who lived much of her life in Darwin, Northern Territory.[1][2]
Early life
editHang Gong was born in London to Thomas and Sarah Bowman and, as a family and with at least one sister (Elizabeth), they immigrated to Australia in around 1861. Before this Hang Gong had qualified as a midwife at Guy's Hospital.[3] In Australia they settled in the Creswick area in Victoria where her father worker as a brewer.[1]
Shortly after the family settled in Creswick Hang Gong developed a relationship with Lee Hang Gong, a Chinese merchant, who was involved in the nearby goldfields. When Hang Gong was 20, on 30 November 1864, she gave birth to their first child Thomas George who was followed by Arthur Edward in January 1867. More children followed with Jane Elizabeth in July 1869, Selina (Cissy/Cissie) a few years later, Herbert Doral in 1876 and Ernest Howard Lee in 1878 (who was born while they were travelling to Hong Kong).[3] It is unclear whether the pair ever married legally but they lived together from at least 1867 and Hang Gong practised as a nurse and midwife during this time.[1][2]
Her sister Elizabeth also partnered with and married a Chinese merchant, a butcher, Lee Long Hearng in 1873; she was 18 and he was 40.[1]
Life in the Northern Territory
editLikely lured by a mining boom in the Northern Territory the family relocated to Darwin where Hang Gong's husband started a business in Southport as well as entering into partnership in a grocery business in Darwin's Chinatown on Cavenagh Street with Chim Yan Yan. Hang Gong immediately begun practicing as a midwife here and, in February 1881, registered the birth of her first assisted delivery there to stonemason Alfred Spurgin and his wife Emma [1]
Also in 1881 Hang Gong petitioned Edward William Price, the then Government Resident, for two of her sons (who were then 15 and 18) to be given work as court interpreters. This request does not appear to have been granted immediately but, by May 1884, Arthur had joined the police force and was often mentioned in court cases as the interpreter for Chinese people appearing in court. Hang Gong also appeared in court as a translator and, in one instance, was granted permission to appear in her husbands stead regarding a property dispute because he could not speak English.[1]
When her husband died in 1892 Hang Gong continued to work as a midwife and nurse.
When Thomas, her first born son, died in 1902 she wrote to the Northern Territory Times to correct their description of him as being Chinese and stated that her son was a "native of the colony of Victoria and a British subject" and that, in describing him as Chinese, an error had been committed which had caused her and her family much pain.[4][5][6]
In 1904 Alex Dowker, who had recently visited the Northern Territory, published articles in the North Queensland Register regarding the Hang Gong families fortunes, and their success in tin mining.[7][8][9] In description of Hang Gong he wrote:[8]
Mrs Hang Gong is also very much in evidence; she is stout, hale and hearty, and converses celestially as readily as in her mother tongue; the Chinese Amban or the Dalai Lama are not in it in Thibet [Tibet] compared with Mrs Hang Gong in Palmerston.
— Alex Dowker, as quoted in 'The Port Darwin tin mining field: interview with Mr Dowker, 14 November 1904
From around 1910 Hang Gong lived with Emiline Lee Hang Gong, the widowed wife of her son Arthur Edward Lee Hang Gong, and they lived together on Cavanagh Street where Emiline ran a small store selling sold tripe soup, snacks and soft drinks. The her granddaughter Selina Hassan cared for her. Hassan recalled often having to stay home from school to care for her grandmother and cleaning out her clay pipe.[10][11]
Hang Gong died on 6 April 1911 of alcoholism and associated illness.[12][13]
Legacy
editHang Gong Avenue in Driver (Palmerston) is named for Hang Gong and her family.[14]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f James, Barbara (2009). "Sarah Hang Gong nee Bowam (1844 - 1911)". Northern Territory Dictionary of Biography (Rev ed.). Darwin: Charles Darwin University Press. pp. 255–256. hdl:10070/492231. ISBN 9780980457810. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
- ^ a b Chinese-Australian Historical Images in Australia. "Bowman, Sarah - Biographical entry - Chinese-Australian Historical Images in Australia". www.chia.chinesemuseum.com.au. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
- ^ a b Contribution of Chinese settlers to Australia. Part 1 : A general history, retrieved 25 October 2024
- ^ "In memoriam (Thomas George Hang Gong)". Northern Territory Times And Gazette. Vol. XXII, no. 1522. Northern Territory, Australia. 9 January 1903. p. 2. Retrieved 25 October 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Death (Thomas George Hang Gong)". Northern Territory Times And Gazette. Vol. XXII, no. 1470. Northern Territory, Australia. 10 January 1902. p. 2. Retrieved 25 October 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "News and Notes". Northern Territory Times And Gazette. Vol. XXII, no. 1471. Northern Territory, Australia. 17 January 1902. p. 3. Retrieved 25 October 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Tin at Port Darwin: a returning miner, disappointing investigation". The North Queensland Register. Vol. XIV, no. 41. Queensland, Australia. 10 October 1904. p. 17. Retrieved 25 October 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ a b "The Port Darwin tin mining field". The North Queensland Register. Vol. XIV, no. 46. Queensland, Australia. 14 November 1904. p. 14. Retrieved 25 October 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "As Others See Us". Northern Territory Times And Gazette. Vol. XXXI, no. 1621. Northern Territory, Australia. 2 December 1904. p. 2. Retrieved 25 October 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Fong, Natalie, "Selina Hassan (1901–1996)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 22 October 2024
- ^ James, Barbara (1 February 1983). "Transcript of oral history interview with Selina Hassan (nee Lee)". Archives Navigator. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ James, Barbara (2009). "Sarah Hang Gong nee Bowam (1844 - 1911)". Northern Territory Dictionary of Biography (Rev ed.). Darwin: Charles Darwin University Press. pp. 255–256. hdl:10070/492231. ISBN 9780980457810. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
- ^ "News and notes". Northern Territory Times And Gazette. Vol. XXXVI, no. 1953. Northern Territory, Australia. 14 April 1911. p. 3. Retrieved 28 October 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Hang Gong Avenue (Driver)". NT Place Names Register. Retrieved 27 October 2024.