Satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) is the calculation of shallow water depth from active or passive satellite imaging sensors. The technology requires a sensor (hardware) and relevant algorithms (software) to derive bathymetric measurements from the data recorded by the sensor.[1]
Methods
editSDB methods can provide bathymetric data with varying spatial resolution, depending on the analysis method and its underlying physics. The most common methods for coastal and very high resolution (1 to 30 meters) bathymetric data are based on multispectral satellite sensors and the analytical inversion of the radiative transfer equation - often referred to as physical SDB methods[2] or empirical approaches.[3] Other approaches rely on photogrammetry[4] or visual image interpretation.
Moderate resolution bathymetric data (50 several 100 meters of spatial resolution) use multispectral or synthetic aperture radar satellite data and generate bathymetric information by the inversion of the wave dispersion equation[5]
The International Hydrographic Organisation IHO operates a project team on Satellite-derived bathymetry supporting the Hydrographic Surveys Working Group. It has published the B-13 IHO publication an Guidelines for Satellite-derived bathymetry which provides more detailed information on each method.[1]
Applications
editIn contrast to other bathymetric survey methods, such as ship-based echo sounding or airborne lidar bathymetry surveys, advanced Satellite-derived bathymetry methods can be used to map the seabed morphology without physically being on-site. The frequent revisit times of satellites and historical data archives also allow a continuous environmental monitoring of the shallow water zone. Therefore, Satellite-derived bathymetry finds uptake in applications which require to map and monitor shallow waters, which might be not accessible or cover significant geographical areas and support charting in those areas.[6] SDB data are part of the European harmonized bathymetry grid EMODnet bathymetry,[7] and as such integrated into the General Bathymetric Chart of the Ocean.
Software tools for the creation of Satellite-derived bathymetry range from desktop-based cookbook solutions[8] up to web-based software solutions[9]
References
edit- ^ a b International Hydrographic Organization, 2024, B-13 Guidance to Satellite-Derived Bathymetry. https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/bathy/B_13_Ed100_032024.pdf
- ^ Heege T, Kobryn H., Harvey M, 2008: How can I map littoral sea bottom properties and bathymetry? In: Fitoka E & Keramitsoglou I 2008 (editors). Inventory, assessment and monitoring of Mediterranean Wetlands: Mapping wetlands using Earth Observation techniques. EKBY & NOA. MedWet publication.
- ^ Stumpf, Richard P.; Holderied, Kristine; Sinclair, Mark (January 2003). "Determination of water depth with high-resolution satellite imagery over variable bottom types". Limnology and Oceanography. 48 (1part2): 547–556. Bibcode:2003LimOc..48..547S. doi:10.4319/lo.2003.48.1_part_2.0547. ISSN 0024-3590.
- ^ Chénier, René; Faucher, Marc-André; Ahola, Ryan; Shelat, Yask; Sagram, Mesha (October 2018). "Bathymetric Photogrammetry to Update CHS Charts: Comparing Conventional 3D Manual and Automatic Approaches". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 7 (10): 395. Bibcode:2018IJGI....7..395C. doi:10.3390/ijgi7100395. ISSN 2220-9964.
- ^ Almar, Rafael; Bergsma, Erwin W. J.; Thoumyre, Gregoire; Baba, Mohamed Wassim; Cesbron, Guillaume; Daly, Christopher; Garlan, Thierry; Lifermann, Anne (January 2021). "Global Satellite-Based Coastal Bathymetry from Waves". Remote Sensing. 13 (22): 4628. Bibcode:2021RemS...13.4628A. doi:10.3390/rs13224628. ISSN 2072-4292.
- ^ Cooper, B. (2021). EFFECTIVELY MAPPING AND CHARTING OF REMOTE LOCATIONS WITH SATELLITES, LASERS AND ACOUSTICS. The International Hydrographic Review, 26
- ^ "Bathymetry". European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet). August 3, 2022.
- ^ International Hydrographic Organization, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, The IHO-IOC GEBCO Cook Book, IHO Publication B-11, Monaco, Oct.
- ^ Hartmann, Knut; Reithmeier, Mona; Knauer, Kim; Wenzel, Julian; Christoph, Kleih; Heege, Thomas (2022-11-30). "Satellite-derived bathymetry online - Validation study, upscaling SDB, SDB potential". The International Hydrographic Review. 28: 53–75. doi:10.58440/ihr-28-a14. Retrieved 2024-03-14.