Saudi crackdown on Islamic scholars

The Saudi crackdown on Islamic scholars refers to a series of actions taken by the Saudi Arabian government against various prominent Islamic scholars and thinkers within the country. The crackdown began in late 2017 and has continued to the present day, with many scholars being arrested and jailed, while others have been banned from speaking or writing.

Saudi crackdown on Islamic scholars

Date	Late 2017 - present
Location	Saudi Arabia
Participants	Various prominent Islamic scholars and thinkers within the country
Outcome	Many scholars have been arrested and jailed, while others have been banned from speaking or writing.

Saudi Arabia has a long history of controlling and limiting the activities of Islamic scholars, particularly those who promote dissent or challenge the government's authority. In recent years, there have been several high-profile cases of Saudi authorities cracking down on prominent Islamic scholars, often accusing them of supporting extremism or spreading false information.

Since Muhammad bin Salman, son of Saudi King Salman, was crowned in June 2017 dozens of Islamic scholars, Imams, volunteers and members of the royal family have been arrested. Saudi authorities arrested dozens of high-profile Islamic scholars, including Sheikh Salman al-Awda, Sheikh Awad al-Qarni, and Sheikh Ali al-Omari. These arrests were part of a wider crackdown on dissent and criticism of the government, and the scholars were accused of a range of charges, including terrorism, incitement, and supporting extremist groups.

In 2018, the Saudi government also arrested and detained several prominent women's rights activists, including several who had spoken out against the country's strict gender segregation laws. These arrests were widely criticized by human rights groups, who accused the government of silencing dissent and cracking down on basic human rights.

Saudi Arabia's government has made some efforts in recent years to loosen restrictions on religious expression, the country continues to tightly control the activities of Islamic scholars and other religious figures.

Background

Saudi Arabia is a predominantly Muslim country, and its government has long claimed to be the custodian of Islam's two holiest sites, Mecca and Medina. The country has traditionally followed a strict interpretation of Sunni Islam known as Wahhabism, which emphasizes adherence to the Quran and the Hadith, the sayings and actions of Muhammad without relying on traditional interpretations and instead opting for a more literal approach.

Under Vision 2030 Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi Arabia's conservative society has introduced a number of modern reforms on economic, social and religious, including easing laws to allow women to work and drive for the first time and attend public gatherings, as well as freedom of mixed musical concerts and entertainment, and opening cinema halls.

Speaking to Al Jazeera, Yahya Assiri, a human rights activist from Saudi Arabia in the UK, said that the Saudi authorities were keeping a close eye on anyone who was influential and of social importance. He said that even those who are silent or those who have pledged allegiance to the government and those who appreciate the government and its actions, no one is safe.

Crackdown

In September 2017, the Saudi government arrested a number of prominent scholars and thinkers, including Salman al-Ouda, Awad al-Qarni, and Ali al-Omari. Sheikh Salman al-Awdah is widely recognized as a progressive Islamic scholar, and UN experts have described him as a "reformist." Al-Qarni, on the other hand, is known as a preacher, academic, and author, while al-Omari is a popular broadcaster.

Over the following months, more scholars were arrested and jailed, and others were banned from speaking or writing. The government accused the scholars of promoting terrorism, spreading false information, and inciting public disorder. For example, Mohammed Alhajji, a well-known Saudi academic and influential figure on Snapchat, found himself in the custody of Saudi authorities. Experts have pointed to this incident as indicative of the Saudi government's intensified actions against social media participants. Another instance involves Safar al-Hawali, a distinguished scholar who has been held in confinement for more than 1,000 days.

Criticism

The crackdown has been widely criticized by human rights groups and scholars around the world. For example, Yahya Ibrahim Assiri, a Saudi dissident residing in the UK and the founder of the human rights group ALQST, has expressed that Saudi Arabia continues to target individuals they perceive as potential critics, regardless of when they may choose to express their views.

Jamal Khashoggi, who was a prominent Saudi journalist and dissident, had decried the numerous arrests orchestrated by the crown prince's government in one of his final columns for The Washington Post. He also highlighted the "public shaming of intellectuals and religious leaders who dare to express opinions contrary to those of my country's leadership."

Some scholars have also accused the government of abandoning traditional Islamic values in favor of political expediency, and of using its religious authority to legitimize its policies and suppress dissent. Various voices, including Khaled A. Beydoun, a law professor and author of "American Islamophobia: Understanding the Roots and Rise of Fear," have expressed their perspectives. In an opinion piece for Al Jazeera, Beydoun conveyed that "Saudi Arabia does not represent Islam" and characterized the Saudi state as being governed by a select few who are both desperate and austere.

Madawi Al-Rasheed, a visiting professor at the Middle East Centre at LSE, has also contributed to the discussion, writing about the ongoing challenges facing Saudi Arabia. She describes the nation as grappling with a perpetual struggle between the forces of modernity and the forces of traditionalism.

Reactions

The crackdown has raised serious concerns about freedom of speech and the government's commitment to human rights and the rule of law.

• Prisoners of Conscience an organization that tweets as معتقلي الرأي is a human rights organization that tracks the arrests in the kingdom.

Salman al-Ouda

• Amnesty International has expressed concern over the arrest of Sheikh Salman al-Ouda, who could face the death penalty with two other scholars.
• The arrests of these individuals have also triggered strong condemnation from the United Nations and Human Rights Watch.
• The International Union of Muslim Scholars (IUMS) has also condemned the arrests and urged Saudi King Salman bin Abdulaziz to order the release of the detained scholars.

Arrests

Prominent arrests

Arrested	Status	Accusation	Ref(s)
Ibrahim al-Sakran	Detained
Salman al-Ouda	Detained/Facing the death penalty	uncertain
Saleh Al-Talib	Detained	criticized mixed public gatherings
Ahmed al-Amari	Died/killed in custody
Omar Al-Muqbil	Detained	criticised the policies of the General Entertainment Authority (GEA)
Safar al-Hawali	Detained	published a book that included the ruling Saudi royal family over relations with Israel.
Abdulaziz al-Tarefe	Detained	Calling the Saudi government an apostate.
Fahd Al-Qadi	Died in prison	for writing advice letter to Saudi king
Abd Al-Aziz Fawzan Al-Fawzan	Detained	criticized the arrests of other clerics
Musa Al-Ghanami	Detained	uncertain
Muhammad Musa Al-Sharif	Detained	uncertain
Sulaiman Al-Alwan	Detained	criticized the Saudi government and pro-government scholars, allegedly supported Al Qaeda members
Ali al-Khudair	Detained	Issued fatwa declaring killing Saudi security personnel during confrontations halal, called on Saudis to not cooperate with security forces hunting the suspects of the al-Muhaya bombings
Nasir al-Fahd	Detained	Issued fatwa declaring killing Saudi security personnel during confrontations halal, called on Saudis to not cooperate with security forces hunting the suspects of the al-Muhaya bombings
Ahmad al-Khalidi	Detained	Issued fatwa declaring killing Saudi security personnel during confrontations halal, called on Saudis to not cooperate with security forces hunting the suspects of the al-Muhaya bombings