Scaphiopus is a genus of North American amphibian commonly referred to as the North American spadefoots, southern spadefoots, or eastern spadefoot toads.[1] They differ greatly from true toads (those of the family Bufonidae) by having eyes with vertical pupils, no parotoid gland, and relatively smooth skin. Their most distinctive feature is a spade-like projection on their hind feet, from which their common name is derived. This projection enables spadefoot toads to dig in loose soils with ease. Its scientific name means ‘spade-foot’ as well, from the Ancient Greek skaphís (σκαφίς, ‘spade, shovel’) and pous (πούς, ‘foot, leg’).[2][3]
| Scaphiopus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Couch's spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus couchii | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Scaphiopodidae |
| Genus: | Scaphiopus Holbrook, 1836 |
Species
editScaphiopus species were once classified with their European cousins in the family Pelobatidae, but have since been reclassified to their own family, Scaphiopodidae, with other North American species. There are three species in the genus Scaphiopus:[1][4]
- Couch's spadefoot, Scaphiopus couchii Baird, 1854
- Eastern spadefoot, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Harlan, 1835)
- Hurter's spadefoot, Scaphiopus hurterii Strecker, 1910
Geographic range
editSpadefoot toads are found throughout the United States and into northern Mexico. They tend to prefer dry, grassland areas with loose, sandy soils that flood in the rainy season.
Description
editScaphiopus are generally colored appropriately with greens and browns to camouflage themselves in their native habitat. At adult size they are usually not much larger than 8 cm.
Behavior and reproduction
editAdult Spadefoot toads are nocturnal and spend most of their day burrowed underground. At night they will regularly emerge to forage.[5] Spadefoot toads are explosive breeders; after periods of heavy rainfall breeding adults will scramble to fishless, ephemeral pools to breed and lay eggs.[6] They have one of the fastest reproductive cycles of any amphibian species. Once laid, eggs hatch in a matter of a day or two. The tadpoles are capable of developing to froglets within a couple of weeks. This short larval period allows spadefoots to utilize water sources that other amphibians cannot.
Diet
editTheir diet primarily consists of Lepidopterous larvae, Scarabaeidae adults, and Carabidae adults, which suggests that they forage on the surface rather than underground.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2023). "Scaphiopus Holbrook, 1836". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ σκαφίς. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ Dodd, C. Kenneth (2013). Frogs of the United States and Canada. Vol. 1. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4214-0633-6.
- ^ "Scaphiopodidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ Devan-Song, Anne; Walden, M. A.; Moniz, Haley A.; Fox, Justine M.; Low, Mary-Ruth; Wilkinson, Emma; Buchanan, Scott W.; Karraker, Nancy E. (11 June 2021). "Confirmation bias perpetuates century-old ecological misconception: evidence against 'secretive' behavior of eastern spadefoots". Journal of Herpetology. 55 (2): 137–150. doi:10.1670/20-044.
- ^ Greenberg, Cathryn H.; Tanner, George W. (December 2004). "Breeding pond selection and movement patterns by eastern spadefoot toads (Scaphiopus holbrookii) in relation to weather and edaphic conditions". Journal of Herpetology. 38 (4): 569–577. doi:10.1670/5-04A.
- ^ Whitaker, John O.; Rubin, David; Munsee, Jack R. (1977). "Observations on Food Habits of Four Species of Spadefoot Toads, Genus Scaphiopus". Herpetologica. 33 (4): 468–475.