The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS)[note 1] is a collection of psychiatric diagnostic criteria and symptom rating scales originally published in 1978.[1] It is organized as a semi-structured diagnostic interview. The structured aspect is that every interview asks screening questions about the same set of disorders regardless of the presenting problem; and positive screens get explored with a consistent set of symptoms. These features increase the sensitivity of the interview and the inter-rater reliability (or reproducibility) of the resulting diagnoses. The SADS also allows more flexibility than fully structured interviews: Interviewers can use their own words and rephrase questions, and some clinical judgment is used to score responses. There are three versions of the schedule, the regular SADS, the lifetime version (SADS-L) and a version for measuring the change in symptomology (SADS-C). Although largely replaced by more structured interviews that follow diagnostic criteria such as DSM-IV and DSM-5, and specific mood rating scales, versions of the SADS are still used in some research papers today.
Diagnoses covered
editThe diagnoses covered by the interview include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders and a limited number of other fairly common diagnoses.[1]
Relationship with the Research Diagnostic Criteria
editThe SADS was developed by the same group of researchers as the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). While the RDC is a list of diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders, the SADS interview allows diagnoses based on RDC criteria to be made, and also rates subject's symptoms and level of functioning.[1]
K-SADS
editThe K-SADS (or Kiddie-SADS) is a version of the SADS adapted for school-aged children of 6–18 years. There are various different versions of the K-SADS, each varying slightly in terms of disorders and specific symptoms covered, as well as the scale range used. All of the variations are still semi-structured interviews, giving the interviewer more flexibility about how to phrase and probe items, while still covering a consistent set of disorders.
The K-SADS-E (Epidemiological version) was developed for epidemiological research. It focused on current issues and episodes only. Most of the items used a four-point rating scale.
The K-SADS-PL (Present and Lifetime version) is administered by interviewing the parent(s), the child, and integrating them into a summary rating that includes parent report, child report, and clinical observations during the interview. The interview covers both present issues (i.e., the reason the family is seeking an evaluation) as well as past episodes of the disorders. Most items use a three-point rating scale for severity (not present, subthreshold, and threshold—which combines both moderate and severe presentations). It has been used with preschool[2] as well as school-aged children. A 2009 working draft removed all reference to the DSM-III-R criteria (which were replaced with the publication of the DSM-IV in 1994) and made some other modifications. A DSM-5 version is being prepared and validated.
The WASH-U K-SADS (Washington University version) added items to the depression and mania modules and used a six-point severity rating for severity.[3]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The SADS is not available via the major psychological test companies, but must be obtained directly from one of its coauthors, Jean Endicott, PhD, Professor of Clinical Psychology (in Psychiatry) at Columbia University Medical Center via email (je10 [at] columbia [dot] edu) or fax (212-543-5386). Keep in mind that the SADS does not map as precisely onto current nosology, i.e., DSM-5, compared to diagnostic structured interviews such as the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.
References
edit- ^ a b c Endicott, J; Spitzer, RL (1978). "A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia". Archives of General Psychiatry. 35 (7): 837–43. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770310043002. PMID 678037.
- ^ Birmaher, Boris; Ehmann, Mary; Axelson, David A.; Goldstein, Benjamin I.; Monk, Kelly; Kalas, Catherine; Kupfer, David; Gill, Mary Kay; Leibenluft, Ellen (2009-04-01). "Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS-PL) for the Assessment of Preschool Children- A Preliminary Psychometric Study". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 43 (7): 680–686. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.10.003. ISSN 0022-3956. PMC 2736874. PMID 19000625.
- ^ Geller, B.; Zimerman, B.; Williams, M.; Bolhofner, K.; Craney, J. L.; DelBello, M. P.; Soutullo, C. (2001-04-01). "Reliability of the Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS) mania and rapid cycling sections". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 40 (4): 450–455. doi:10.1097/00004583-200104000-00014. ISSN 0890-8567. PMID 11314571.