Schinkia is a genus of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae from the order Bacillales.[1][2] The type species of this genus is Schinkia azotoformans.[3]
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| Genus: | Schinkia Gupta et al. 2020
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Members of Schinkia are previously species belonging to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly and phylogenetic heterogeneity due to the vague criteria[4] (such as the ability to form endospores in the presence of oxygen)[5] previously used to assign species to this clade. Multiple studies using comparative phylogenetic analyses have been published in an attempt to clarify the evolutionary relationships between Bacillus species, resulting in the establishment of numerous novel genera such as Alkalihalobacillus, Brevibacillus, Solibacillus, Alicyclobacillus, Virgibacillus, and Evansella.[6][7][8][9][10][1] In addition, the genus Bacillus has been restricted to only include species closely related to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus.[6][1]
The name Schinkia was named after German microbiologist Professor Bernard Schink, University of Konstanz, for his studies of diverse microorganisms and his contributions in the discipline of microbial taxonomy.[1]
Biochemical characteristics and molecular signatures
editMembers of this genus are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic and found in soil. All members can produce endospores and are motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Schinkia can grow in temperatures ranging from 20°C to 46°C but the optimal growth temperature is in the range of 30-40°C. Members of this genus are industrially significant as Schinkia azotoformans is able to produce nitrogen (N2) by co-denitrification, and Schinkia oryziterrae is a selenium nanoparticle-producing and nitrate-reducing bacterium.[1]
13 conserved signature indels were identified for this genus in the following proteins: leucyl aminopeptidase, helicase-exonuclease AddAB subunit AddA, class I SAM-dependent methyltransferase, N-acetylalpha-d-glucosaminyl l-malate synthase BshA, YpdA family putative bacillithiol disulfide reductase, penicillin-binding protein 2, type II/IV secretion system protein, ammonia-forming cytochrome c nitrite reductase subunit c552, hydroxymethylbilane synthase, acetolactate synthase large subunit, hypothetical protein, DEAD/ DEAH box helicase and UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanyld-glutamate-2,6-diaminopimelate ligase, which in most cases are exclusively shared by either all or most members of this genus.[1] These conserved signature indels were identified through analyses of genome sequences from Schinkia species and can be used to reliably demarcate this genus from other Bacillaceae genera and bacteria in molecular terms.
Taxonomy
editSchinkia, as of May 2021, contains a total of 2 species with validly published names.[3] This genus was identified as a monophyletic clade and phylogenetically unrelated to other Bacillus species in studies examining the taxonomic relationships within Bacillus.[1] This branching pattern is also observed in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB).[11]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Gupta, Radhey S.; Patel, Sudip; Saini, Navneet; Chen, Shu (2020-11-01). "Robust demarcation of 17 distinct Bacillus species clades, proposed as novel Bacillaceae genera, by phylogenomics and comparative genomic analyses: description of Robertmurraya kyonggiensis sp. nov. and proposal for an emended genus Bacillus limiting it only to the members of the Subtilis and Cereus clades of species". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5753–5798. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004475. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 33112222.
- ^ Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T.; Garrity, George M.; Boone, David R.; De Vos, Paul; Goodfellow, Michael; Rainey, Fred A.; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz, eds. (2005). Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology. doi:10.1007/0-387-28022-7. ISBN 978-0-387-24144-9.
- ^ a b "Genus: Schinkia". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
- ^ Ash, Carol; Farrow, J.A.E.; Wallbanks, Sally; Collins, M.D. (2008-06-28). "Phylogenetic heterogeneity of the genus Bacillus revealed by comparative analysis of small-subunit-ribosomal RNA sequences". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 13 (4): 202–206. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.1991.tb00608.x. ISSN 0266-8254. S2CID 82988953.
- ^ Logan, N. A.; Berge, O.; Bishop, A. H.; Busse, H.-J.; De Vos, P.; Fritze, D.; Heyndrickx, M.; Kampfer, P.; Rabinovitch, L.; Salkinoja-Salonen, M. S.; Seldin, L. (2009-06-30). "Proposed minimal standards for describing new taxa of aerobic, endospore-forming bacteria". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (8): 2114–2121. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.013649-0. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 19567583.
- ^ a b Patel, Sudip; Gupta, Radhey S. (2020-01-01). "A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species, Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov., Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (1): 406–438. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003775. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 31617837.
- ^ SHIDA, O.; TAKAGI, H.; KADOWAKI, K.; KOMAGATA, K. (1996-10-01). "Proposal for Two New Genera, Brevibacillus gen. nov. and Aneurinibacillus gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 46 (4): 939–946. doi:10.1099/00207713-46-4-939. ISSN 0020-7713.
- ^ Wisotzkey, J. D.; Jurtshuk, P.; Fox, G. E.; Deinhard, G.; Poralla, K. (1992-04-01). "Comparative Sequence Analyses on the 16S rRNA (rDNA) of Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus acidoterrestris, and Bacillus cycloheptanicus and Proposal for Creation of a New Genus, Alicyclobacillus gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 42 (2): 263–269. doi:10.1099/00207713-42-2-263. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 1374624.
- ^ Mual, Poonam; Singh, Nitin Kumar; Verma, Ashish; Schumann, Peter; Krishnamurthi, Srinivasan; Dastager, Syed; Mayilraj, Shanmugam (2016-05-01). "Reclassification of Bacillus isronensis Shivaji et al. 2009 as Solibacillus isronensis comb. nov. and emended description of genus Solibacillus Krishnamurthi et al. 2009". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (5): 2113–2120. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000982. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 26907585.
- ^ Heyndrickx, M.; Lebbe, L.; Kersters, K.; Hoste, B.; De Wachter, R.; De Vos, P.; Forsyth, G.; Logan, N. A. (1999-07-01). "Proposal of Virgibacillus proomii sp. nov. and emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950) Heyndrickx et al. 1998". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 49 (3): 1083–1090. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1083. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 10425765.
- ^ "GTDB - Tree". gtdb.ecogenomic.org. Retrieved 2021-05-28.