The United States Secret Service uses code names for U.S. presidents, first ladies, and other prominent persons and locations.[1] The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition.[2][3] The Secret Service does not choose these names, however. The White House Communications Agency maintains a list that candidates choose from, often choosing ones that resonate with them personally.[4][5]
According to an established protocol, good codewords are unambiguous words that can be easily pronounced and readily understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio or telephone regardless of their native language. Traditionally, all family members' code names start with the same letter.[4]
The codenames change over time for security purposes, but are often publicly known. For security, codenames are generally picked from a list of such 'good' words, but avoiding the use of common words which could likely be intended to mean their normal definitions.
Presidents and their families
edit- Woodrow Wilson
- Edith Wilson – Grandma[6]
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
- Eleanor Roosevelt – Rover[7]
- Harry S. Truman – General[5] or Supervise[8][9]
- Bess Truman – Sunnyside[8][9][10]
- Dwight D. Eisenhower – Scorecard[1] or Providence[8][9][11]
- Mamie Eisenhower – Springtime[8][9][10][11][12]
- David Eisenhower – Sahara[12]
- John F. Kennedy – Lancer[8][9][11][13]
- Jacqueline Kennedy – Lace[8][9][11][14]
- Caroline Kennedy – Lyric[11]
- John F. Kennedy, Jr. – Lark[15]
- Rose Kennedy – Coppertone[8]
- Ethel Kennedy – Sundance[8]
- Lyndon B. Johnson – Volunteer[8][9][11]
- Lady Bird Johnson – Victoria[8][9][11][16]
- Lynda Bird Johnson – Velvet[11][17]
- Luci Baines Johnson – Venus[8][11]
- Richard Nixon – Searchlight[8][9][11][12][13]
- Pat Nixon – Starlight[8][11]
- Patricia Nixon Cox – Sugarfoot[12][18]
- Edward F. Cox – Seminole[12]
- Julie Nixon Eisenhower – Sunbonnet[12][18]
- Gerald Ford – Passkey[8][9] or Pass Key[11]
- Betty Ford – Pinafore[8][11][19]
- Susan Ford – Panda[8][11][20]
- Michael Ford – Professor[11]
- Jack Ford – Packman[11]
- Jimmy Carter – Dasher which was changed[21] to Deacon[9][10][11][13] or Lock Master[8]
- Rosalynn Carter – Lotus Petal[8] or Dancer[9][10][11]
- Amy Carter – Dynamo[10][11][22]
- Chip Carter – Diamond[8]
- Jack Carter – Derby[8]
- Jeff Carter – Deckhand[8]
- Ronald Reagan – Rawhide[8][9][11][13][23]
- Nancy Reagan – Rainbow[8][9][11]
- Maureen Reagan – Rhyme,[8] Rosebud[8][24]
- Michael Reagan – Riddler[8][24]
- Patti Davis – Ribbon[8][11]
- Ron Reagan – Reliant[8][11]
- Doria Reagan – Radiant[8][11]
- George H. W. Bush – Timberwolf[8][9][11]
- Barbara Bush – Snowbank[8][25] or Tranquility[9][11]
- Marvin Bush – Tuner[8]
- Neil Bush – Trapline[8]
- Jeb Bush – Tripper[8]
- Dorothy Bush – Tiller[8]
- Bill Clinton – Eagle[9][11]
- Hillary Clinton – Evergreen[9][11]
- Chelsea Clinton – Energy[11]
- Roger Clinton Jr. - no code name, press claimed was Headache [9][26]
- George W. Bush – Tumbler,[8][9][27] later Trailblazer[9][11][23]
- Laura Bush – Tempo[8][11][23]
- Barbara Bush – Turquoise[8][9][28]
- Jenna Bush – Twinkle[8][9]
- Barack Obama – Renegade[8][13][23][29]
- Michelle Obama – Renaissance[8][23][30]
- Malia Obama – Radiance[9][23][31]
- Sasha Obama – Rosebud[9][23][31]
- Marian Shields Robinson – Raindance[32]
- Donald Trump – Mogul[33][34]
- Melania Trump – Muse[34]
- Donald Trump Jr. – Mountaineer[35]
- Ivanka Trump – Marvel[36]
- Eric Trump – Marksman[35]
- Jared Kushner – Mechanic[37]
- Joe Biden – Celtic[8][9][38]
- Jill Biden – Capri[8][9][2]
- Hunter Biden – Captain[39]
Vice presidents and their families
edit- Spiro Agnew – Pathfinder[12]
- Judy Agnew – Photograph[12]
- Nelson Rockefeller – Sandstorm[40]
- Happy Rockefeller – Shooting Star or Stardust[40]
- Walter Mondale – Cavalier[8][10]
- Joan Mondale – Cameo[8][10]
- Ted Mondale – Centurion[8]
- Eleanor Mondale – Calico[8]
- William Mondale – Chessman
- Dan Quayle – Scorecard[8] or Supervisor[8]
- Marilyn Quayle – Sunshine[8]
.jpg)
- Al Gore – Sundance[9][29] or Sawhorse[8]
- Tipper Gore – Skylark[8][41]
- Karenna Gore – Smurfette[8][13][23][42]
- Kristin Gore – Silhouette[8]
- Sarah Gore – Screwdriver[8]
- Albert Gore III – Shortstop[8]
- Dick Cheney – Angler[8][9][13]
- Lynne Cheney – Author[8][43]
- Elizabeth Cheney – Apollo[44]
- Mary Cheney – Alpine[8][9]
- Mike Pence – Hoosier[34]
- Karen Pence – Hummingbird[34]
- Kamala Harris – Pioneer[45]
- J.D. Vance[46] – Bobcat[47]
Political candidates and their spouses
editU.S. Secret Service codenames are often given to high-profile political candidates (such as presidential and vice presidential candidates), and their respective families and spouses who are assigned U.S. Secret Service protection. These codenames often differ from those held if they are elected or those from prior periods if they held positions needing codenames.
1968
edit- Eugene McCarthy – Instructor[8]
1972
edit- George McGovern – Redwood[48]
1976
edit- Jimmy Carter – Dasher or Deacon[49]
- Bob Dole – Ramrod[8][50][51]
- Elizabeth Dole – Rainbow[50][51]
- Morris Udall – Dashboard[52]
1980
edit- John B. Anderson – Miracle,[8] Starburst[8] or Stardust[8]
- George H. W. Bush – Sheepskin (During 1980 Campaign) [54]
- Phil Crane – Swordfish[8]
- Ted Kennedy – Sunburn[8][13]
1984
edit- Geraldine Ferraro – Duster[55]
- John Zaccaro – N/A (Declined Secret Service Protection)[56]
- John Glenn – Iron[57]
- Jesse Jackson – Thunder[8][50][55][57][58]
- Walter Mondale – Dragon[55][57]
1988
edit- Lloyd Bentsen – Parthenon[59]
- Michael Dukakis – Peso[8]
- Kitty Dukakis – Panda[59]
- Jesse Jackson – Pontiac[58]
- Gary Hart – Redwood[8]
- Paul Simon – Scarlett[60]
1996
edit- Bob Dole – Patriot[61]
- Elizabeth Dole – Pioneer
- Jack Kemp – Champion[59]
- Joanne Kemp – Cornerstone[62]
2000
edit- Joe Lieberman – Laser[59][63]
- Hadassah Lieberman – Liberty[64]
2004
edit- John Kerry – Minuteman[29][65]
- Teresa Heinz Kerry – Mahogany[65]
- John Edwards – Speedway[59]
2008
edit- John McCain – Phoenix[8][9][66]
- Cindy McCain – Parasol[8][9][13][66]
- Meghan McCain – Peter Sellers (Peter)[67]
- John Sidney McCain IV – Popeye[67]
- Bridget McCain – Pebbles[67]
- Sarah Palin – Denali[9][68]
- Todd Palin – Driller[9][68]
2012
edit- Mitt Romney – Javelin[13][69]
- Ann Romney – Jockey[70]
- Rick Santorum – Petrus[13][69]
- Newt Gingrich – T-Rex[71]
- Paul Ryan – Bowhunter[13][72]
- Janna Ryan – Buttercup[13][72]
2016
edit- Ben Carson – Eli[33]
- Tim Kaine – Daredevil[59]
- Anne Holton – Dogwood[73]
- Bernie Sanders – Intrepid[74]
2020
edit- Bernie Sanders – Intrepid[74]
- Kamala Harris – Pioneer[4]
2024
editGovernment officials
edit- Kennedy Administration
- Cabinet
- Secretary of State Dean Rusk – Freedom[75]
- Staff
- Rear Adm. George Burkley (Physician to the president) – Market[75][76]
- Senior military aide General Chester Clifton – Watchman[8][75]
- Associate Press Secretary Andrew Hatcher – Winner[8]
- Assistant Press Secretary Malcolm Kilduff – Warrior[8][75]
- Personal secretary Evelyn Lincoln – Willow[75]
- Air Force aide Godfrey McHugh – Wing[75]
- Special assistant and appointments secretary Kenneth O'Donnell – Wand[75]
- Naval aide Captain Tazewell Shepard – Witness[75]
- White House secretary Priscilla Wear – Fiddle[77]
- White House secretary Jill Cowen – Faddle[77]
- Cabinet
- Lyndon Johnson Administration
- Staff
- Walter Jenkins – Vigilant[75]
- Pierre Salinger – Wayside[8][75][78]
- Staff
- Nixon Administration
- Cabinet
- Secretary of State and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger – Woodcutter[8][12][79]
- His wife, Nancy Kissinger – Woodlark[80]
- Secretary of State and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger – Woodcutter[8][12][79]
- Staff
- White House photographer Ollie Atkins – Hawkeye[12]
- Gulf Coast Regional Chairman James Baker – Fencing Master or Foxtail[8]
- Deputy Assistant to the President Dwight Chapin – Watchdog[12]
- Domestic Affairs Advisor Kenneth Reese Cole Jr. – Spectator[12]
- John Ehrlichman – Wisdom[8][12]
- White House aide Tim Elbourne – Snapshot[12]
- Secretary of State Alexander Haig – Claw Hammer[8]
- White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman – Welcome[8][12]
- Assistant to Haldeman Lawrence Higby – Semaphore[12]
- Air Force aide James D. Hughes – Red Barron[12]
- Communications Director Herbert G. Klein – Witness[12]
- Dr. William Lukash (Physician to the president) – Sawhorse[10][12]
- Senior assistant Clark MacGregor – Whipcrack[12]
- Assistant for Legislative Affairs William Timmons – Windowpane[12]
- Dr. Walter Tkach (Physician to the president) – Signature[12]
- Director of the White House Office of Presidential Advance, later Director of the National Park Service, Ronald H. Walker – Roadrunner[12]
- Personal secretary Rose Mary Woods – Strawberry[8][12]
- Press Secretary and Assistant to the President Ron Ziegler – Whale Boat[8][12]
- Presidential spokesman Ken W. Clawson – Thunderstorm[81]
- Cabinet
- Ford Administration
- Staff
- Press Secretary Ron Nessen – Clam Chowder[8]
- Deputy Chief of Staff, later Chief of Staff, Dick Cheney – Backseat[82]
- Staff
- Carter Administration
- Cabinet
- Secretary of State Cyrus Vance – Fade Away[10]
- Secretary of Defense Harold Brown – Finley[10]
- Staff
- National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzeziński – Hawkeye[8][10]
- Director of the Office of Management and Budget Bert Lance – Dumbo[83]
- Cabinet
- Reagan Administration
- George W. Bush Administration
- Scott McClellan – Matrix (generic name for White House press secretary)[84]
- Chief of Staff Andy Card – Potomac,[9] later Patriot [8][9]
- Chief of Staff Josh Bolten – Fatboy[8][9]
- Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao – Firebird[8][9]
- Obama Administration
- Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel – Black Hawk[85]
- Tim Geithner – Fencing Master (generic codename for Secretary of the Treasury)[86]
- First Trump administration
Other individuals
edit
- Israel
- Prime Minister Menachem Begin – Cedar[8]
- Hasia Begin Milo – Crystal[8]
- Prime Minister Menachem Begin – Cedar[8]
- Commonwealth realms
- Queen Elizabeth II – Kittyhawk,[8][40] Redfern[88]
- King Charles III – Principal[8] or Unicorn[8][40]
- United States
- Senator Howard Baker (R-Tennessee) – Snapshot[8][89]
- Actor Antonio Banderas – Zorro[90]
- Congressman and Speaker of the House Thomas P. "Tip" O'Neill – Flag Day[10]
- Florida banker and businessman, confidant of President Nixon, Bebe Rebozo – Christopher[8]
- Social secretary to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, and mistress to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd – Mrs. Johnson[91]
- Singer and actor Frank Sinatra – Napoleon[8][92]
- Senator Strom Thurmond (R-South Carolina) – Footprint[8]
- Vatican
- Pope John Paul II – Halo[8][23]
Locations, objects, places and parts of Secret Service
editU.S. Secret Service codenames are not only given to people; they are often given to places, locations and even objects, such as aircraft like Air Force One, and vehicles such as the Presidential State Car.
- Joint Base Andrews, in Prince George's County, Maryland – Acrobat or Andy[93]
- The Presidential Motorcade – Bamboo[93]
- The Harry S Truman Building (Department of State headquarters) – Birds-eye[93]
- Camp David, presidential retreat in Catoctin Mountain Park, in Frederick County, Maryland – Cactus[93] or Buckeye
- The Vice President's office – Cobweb[93]
- The Vice President's staff – Pacemaker[93]
- The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City – Roadhouse[93]
- Air Force One – Angel or Cowpuncher[93]
- The U.S. Presidential State Car – Stagecoach[40]
- Follow-up car – Halfback[40]
- The White House – Castle (Crown referring to the Executive Mansion, the central representative and office spaces of the White House)[94]
- The Capitol – Punch bowl[95]
- The White House Situation Room – Cement Mixer[95]
- Eisenhower Executive Office Building (part of the White House Complex) – Central[96]
- Reagan National Airport – Curbside[95]
- The temporary residence of the President – Charcoal or Base[96]
- The Pentagon – Calico[96]
- White House garage – Carpet[96]
- J. Edgar Hoover Building (FBI Headquarters) – Cork[96]
- Lyndon Baines Johnson's ranch – Volcano[96]
- Secret Service Counterassault Team – Hawkeye[97]
- Secret Service Counter-sniper Team – Hercules[97]
In fiction
editIn popular culture, the practice of assigning codenames is often used to provide additional verisimilitude in fictional works about the executive branch, or high-ranking governmental figures.
- 1600 Penn
- Air Force One
- President James Marshall – Boy Scout[99]
- The American President
- President Andrew Shepherd – Liberty[100]
- Chasing Liberty
- First Daughter Anna Foster – Liberty[101]
- Designated Survivor
- President Tom Kirkman – Phoenix (formerly Glasses during his time as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development)[102]
- First Daughter
- First Daughter Samantha Mackenzie – Lucky Charm[103]
- First Kid
- House of Cards
- President Frank Underwood – Little John
- President Claire Underwood – Lone Star
- In the Line of Fire
- The President – Traveler[105]
- Jericho
- President Jon Tomarchio – Condor[106]
- The Night Agent
- Maddie Redfield (VP Daughter) – Badger
- Omar Zadar (PIF leader) – Osprey
- The Prodigal Daughter
- President Florentyna Kane – Baroness[107]
- Red, White & Royal Blue
- First Son Alexander Claremont-Diaz – Barracuda
- First Daughter June Claremont-Diaz – Bluebonnet
- Scandal
- President Fitzgerald Thomas "Fitz" Grant III – Falcon[108]
- First Lady Melody Margaret "Mellie" Grant – Foxtail[109]
- White House Chief of Staff Abigail "Abby" Whelan – Firebrand[108]
- The Sentinel
- Squeeze Me
- Tom Clancy's novels
- Unnamed President in Clear and Present Danger – Wrangler[113]
- President Jack Ryan in Debt of Honor and Executive Orders – Swordsman[114]
- George Winston (Secretary of the Treasury) in Executive Orders – Trader[117]
- Benjamin Goodley (National Security Advisor) in Executive Orders – Cardsharp[118]
- Arnold Van Damm (White House Chief of Staff) in Executive Orders and The Bear and the Dragon – Carpenter[116]
- Callie Weston (Chief Speechwriter) in Executive Orders and The Bear and the Dragon – Calliope[116]
- Scott Adler (Secretary of State) in Executive Orders and The Bear and the Dragon – Eagle[119]
- The West Wing
- President Josiah "Jed" Bartlet – Eagle[120] or Liberty[121]
- Zoey Bartlet – Bookbag[122]
- C. J. Cregg – Flamingo[123]
- Sam Seaborn – Princeton[123]
- Gus Westin (grandson of Jed Bartlet) – Tonka[124]
- Arnold Vinick – Big Sur[125]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Junior Secret Service Program: Assignment 7. Code Names". National Park Service. Retrieved August 18, 2007.
- ^ a b "Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used on the Campaign Trail". RSSattr=Politics_4452073. CBS News. September 16, 2008. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
- ^ "Obama's Secret Service Code Name Revealed". Eurweb. September 16, 2008. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
- ^ a b c "First on CNN: Kamala Harris chooses 'Pioneer' as her Secret Service code name". CNN. August 17, 2020.
- ^ a b Huppke, Rex W. (November 10, 2008). "'Renegade' joins 'Twinkle,' 'Rawhide,' 'Lancer' on list of Secret Service code names". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
- ^ Flynt, Larry; Eisenbach, David (April 26, 2011). One Nation Under Sex: How the Private Lives of Presidents, First Ladies and Their Lovers Changed the Course of American History. ISBN 9780230120358.
- ^ "(PBS) FDR transcript".
Eleanor Roosevelt hurled herself into the war effort with all the energy that she had brought to the New Deal. During the course of the war, she traveled the world, visiting American soldiers everywhere. The Secret Service gave her the code name "Rover."
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv Scher, Steven (February 5, 2010). The Secret Service of Alan Kahn. pp. 160–166. ISBN 9781450026413.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Kessler, Ronald (2009). In the President's Secret Service: Behind the Scenes with Agents in the Line of Fire and the Presidents They Protect. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307461353.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jerald F. TerHorst; Ralph Albertazzie (1979). The flying White House: the story of Air Force One. Bantam Books. ISBN 9780698109308.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Walsh, Kenneth T. (2003). "Appendix". Air Force One: A History of the Presidents and Their Planes. Hyperion. p. 227. ISBN 1-4013-0004-9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Anne Collins Walker (2012). China Calls: Paving the Way for Nixon's Historic Journey to China. ISBN 978-1568332666.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "11 Great Secret Service Code Names". Time. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
- ^ Taraborrelli, Randy J. (2000). Jackie, Ethel, Joan: The Women of Camelot. Warner Books. p. 15. ISBN 0-446-52426-3. Retrieved February 26, 2007.
- ^ "JFK Jr.: As Child and Man, America's Crown Prince". Washington Post. July 18, 1999. Retrieved November 18, 2008.
- ^ "Saskatoon Star-Phoenix - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ "Lynda Out of the Woods". Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ a b "The First Daughters Club: Life After The White House". Guest of a Guest. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ "Mrs Ford tells story different than Ron Nessen". Lakeland Ledger. May 18, 1978.
- ^ "Susan Ford serious about photography job". The StarPhoenix. August 16, 1975.
- ^ Bird, Kai (2021). The Outlier: The Unfinished Presidency of Jimmy Carter. New York: Crown. p. 156. ISBN 9780451495235. Citing Kraft, Tim (January 21, 1977). Unpublished diary. Diary folder Kraft papers, Kai Bird.
- ^ Watson, Robert P (2004). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. SUNY Press. p. 111. ISBN 9780791485071.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "'Secret' Obama code name revealed". BBC. November 13, 2008.
- ^ a b Reagan, Maureen (September 2001). First Father, First Daughter. Little, Brown and Company. p. 329. ISBN 0-316-73636-8.
- ^ Sawler, Harvey (2004). Saving Mrs. Kennedy. General Store Publishing House. p. 73. ISBN 1-897113-10-2.
- ^ Watson, Robert. "Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and The President's House". State University of New York Press, 2004, p. 125.
- ^ "Obama becomes 'Renegade' on U.S. secret service list". Moscow News №45 2008. Moscow News. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
- ^ Woodward, Bob (2002). Bush at War: Inside the Bush White House. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-0473-6.
- ^ a b c Kornblut, Anne E. (June 17, 2007). "'Renegade' Joins Race For White House: Obama Is Given Code Name by Secret Service". Washington Post. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
- ^ "Bloomberg Politics". March 11, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
- ^ a b "First-family-to-be given code names". Chicago Tribune. November 9, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ Obama, Michelle (2018). Becoming. ISBN 978-1524763152.
- ^ a b Henry, Ed (November 10, 2015). "Just call him 'Mogul' – Trump getting Secret Service code name". Fox News.
- ^ a b c d "Here are the Secret Service codenames for Trump, Pence". CNN. July 27, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
- ^ a b "How Trump's Eldest Children Have Been Handling the WH Transition". ABC News. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
- ^ "Kamala Harris Secret Service Code Name Revealed". Huffington Post. August 18, 2020.
- ^ "The Trump family's Secret Service code names". qz.com.
- ^ Schor, Elana (September 12, 2008). "What's in a (Secret Service code) name". The Guardian. London. Retrieved September 14, 2008.
- ^ Fung, Katherine (June 13, 2024). "Secret Service Speaks Out About Hunter Biden Jail Sentence name". Newsweek. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Petro, Joseph; Jeffrey Robinson (2005). Standing Next to History: An Agent's Life Inside the Secret Service. Macmillan. p. 52. ISBN 0-312-33221-1.
- ^ "What's In A Code Name? It's Not Much Of A Secret". Orlando Sentinel. July 17, 1993. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
- ^ "Part 3 – By Karenna Gore". Slate. January 21, 1997. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
- ^ Keyes, Alexa (March 21, 2012). "Top Not-So- Secret Service Codenames". ABC News. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
- ^ William M. Arkin (2013). American Coup: How a Terrified Government Is Destroying the Constitution. Little, Brown. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-316-25125-9.
- ^ Pengelly, Martin (August 18, 2020). "Kamala Harris reportedly chooses apt Secret Service code name: Pioneer". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
- ^ Vice President-Elect
- ^ "JD Vance gets Secret Service code name 'Bobcat,' joins 'Mogul' in bid to take White House". Fox News. July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ "The last days of George McGovern?". The Village Voice. November 2, 1972.
- ^ Carter character and career analyzed anew
- ^ a b c "Harlan Daily Enterprise - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ a b "Daily Union - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ "The Telegraph - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ "Keke Anderson: I'm a mother, not a fighter Boca Raton News – Oct 16, 1980". Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ "Texas Next: Can Carter win there?". Spokane Daily Chronicle. April 28, 1980.
- ^ a b c "Duster: Women can do anything". The Southeast Missourian. November 5, 1984.
- ^ "Personality Spotlight:John Zaccaro: Husband of Geraldine Ferraro". UPI. July 19, 1984.
- ^ a b c "The Windsor Star - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ a b "Herald-Journal - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f The Fix-Here are the 2016 candidates’ Secret Service code names — and your own
- ^ "Codename: Scarlett". Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
- ^ "High Season For the Secret Service (Published 1996)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020.
- ^ "ON THE SIDELINES". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018.
- ^ "Lieberman Gets D.c. Dough". Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ "Aboard The Estrogen Express". Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ a b "CNN Transcript, Aired July 29, 2004". Retrieved March 10, 2008.
- ^ a b "'Phoenix' and 'Parasol'". The Washington Post. May 11, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Twitter / McCainBlogette: my dad was Phoenix, mom Parasol". Twitter.com. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
- ^ a b "Palin Code Name: 'Denali'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2008.
- ^ a b Ambinder, Marc (March 19, 2012). "Exclusive: GQ Reveals Romney's and Santorum's Secret Service Code Names". GQ. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
- ^ Ambinder, Marc (November 8, 2012). "How the Secret Service Said Goodbye to Mitt Romney". GQ. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
- ^ Martin Bashir Aired on April 27, 2012
- ^ a b Ambinder, Marc (September 4, 2012). "Exclusive: GQ Reveals Paul Ryan's Secret Service Code Name!". GQ. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
- ^ "Anne Holton '80 talks failure, hope and humility at Princeton commmencement". Princeton University. June 4, 2017. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ a b "Sanders's Secret Service code name revealed". The Hill. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Manchester, William (2013). The Death of a President: November 20 – November 25, 1963. ISBN 978-0316370721.
- ^ "Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ a b Stewart, Sara (November 10, 2013). "All the president's women". New York Post. Archived from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- ^ "November 22, 1963". Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ Isaacson, Walter (1992). Kissinger: A Biography. Simon and Schuster. p. 314. ISBN 0-7432-8697-9.
- ^ "Personality Parade". The Spokesman-Review. July 6, 1974.
- ^ "Sunday Special". The Toledo Blade. July 13, 1974.
- ^ "Candidates – Dick Cheney". Retrieved November 25, 2013.
- ^ "Deacon & Dumbo". The Miami News. August 29, 1977.
- ^ McClellan, Scott (2008). What Happened: Inside the Bush White House and Washington's Culture of Deception. Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-556-6.
- ^ Ambinder, Marc (May 14, 2009). "Revealed: Rahm Emanuel's Secret Service Code Name". Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ "Finding the inner Geithner - POLITICO". Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ "Kellyanne Conway is the Real First Lady of Trump's America". March 18, 2017.
- ^ Hickman, Leo (November 14, 2008). "The secret service name game: Barack Obama is codenamed 'Renegade' – but what secret service names would you choose for our UK VIPs". Guardian UK. London: Guardian News and Media Limited 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ "Lawrence Journal-World - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ "Top Not-So- Secret Service Codenames". ABC News. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
- ^ Wallance, Gregory J. (May 3, 2012). "Sex and the Secret Service". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ Loizeau, Pierre-Marie (2004). Nancy Reagan: The Woman Behind the Man. Nova Publishers. p. 91. ISBN 1-59033-759-X.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Williams, Stephen P. (2004). How to be President. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-4316-5.
- ^ William Manchester, The Death of a President, 1967 – 'vocabulary' pages
- ^ a b c "Project226". Archived from the original on March 8, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Manchester, William (1967). The Death of a President. New York, Harper & Row.
- ^ a b The Secret Service is investigating how a man who shot and injured Trump was able to get so close
- ^ ""1600 Penn" and the Tedium of the Goofball White House Comedy". Retrieved July 14, 2024 – via The New Republic.
- ^ Air Force One script
- ^ "The American President script by Aaron Sorkin". www.dailyscript.com. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ Andy Cadiff (director) (2004). Chasing Liberty (Film/DVD). Los Angeles: Warner Brothers.
- ^ Raeside, Julia (September 30, 2016). "Designated Survivor: where's Jack Bauer when you need him?". Retrieved July 14, 2024 – via The Guardian.
- ^ "First Daughter (2004) - Quotes - IMDb". Retrieved July 14, 2024 – via www.imdb.com.
- ^ a b "First Kid review". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- ^ "In The Line Of Fire Script - transcript from the screenplay and/or Clint Eastwood movie". www.script-o-rama.com. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ List of jericho episodes#Season 2
- ^ Archer, Jeffrey (1982). The Prodigal Daughter. St. Martin's Paperbacks. p. 496. ISBN 978-0-312-99714-4.
- ^ a b "06x08 - A Stomach For Blood - Transcripts - Forever Dreaming". transcripts.foreverdreaming.org. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ "Why Is Mellie Foxtail On 'Scandal'? This Could Be Mellie's Move To Presidency". Bustle. May 14, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
- ^ a b Gillespie, Eleanor Ringel. "'The Sentinel': Smart action, familiar plot". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia: Cox Newspapers. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
- ^ "'Squeeze Me' proves that the Trump era is Carl Hiaasen's moment". Retrieved February 12, 2021.
- ^ "Snakes of all kinds populate Carl Hiaasen's 'Squeeze Me'". Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ^ Clancy, Thomas (August 1990) [1989]. "12. The Curtain on SHOWBOAT". Clear and Present Danger (Large Print ed.). Thorndike, Maine: Thorndike Press. pp. multiple, incl. p. 391. ISBN 0-89621-930-5.
- ^ Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. pp. multiple. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- ^ a b c d Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 212. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- ^ a b c Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 482. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- ^ Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 557. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- ^ Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 527. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- ^ Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 131. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- ^ "The West Wing Transcripts – Episode 102". Retrieved August 10, 2007.
- ^ "The West Wing Transcripts – Episode 108". Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ "The West Wing Transcripts – Episode 509". Retrieved May 15, 2007.
- ^ a b "The West Wing Transcripts – Episode 110". Retrieved January 21, 2009.
- ^ "The West Wing Transcripts – Episode 509". Retrieved September 21, 2010.
- ^ "The West Wing, Episode 7.03, LiveDash TV Transcript". Retrieved April 15, 2011.