The Security Council of the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan (Russian: Совет обороны Северного Кавказа и Дагестана, romanized: Sovet oborony Severnogo Kavkaza i Dagestana) was a provisional government in Dagestan. Led by Shaykh al-Islām Ali-Hajji Aqušan, it was one of the main resistance groups against the Armed Forces of South Russia following the White Russian invasion of Dagestan, along with the North Caucasian Emirate.
| Security Council of the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan | |
|---|---|
| Совет обороны Северного Кавказа и Дагестана | |
 Seal of the Security Council | |
| Chairman |
|
| Foundation | 19 October 1919 |
| Dissolved | 11 April 1920 |
| Merged into | Dagestan Revolutionary Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) |
| Allegiance |  Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus |
| Active regions | Dagestan |
| Ideology |
|
| Allies | |
| Opponents |  White movement |
| Battles and wars | |
Background
editThe Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus was established in 1917, following the February Revolution. After the White Russian invasion of Dagestan, Prime Minister Pshemakho Kotsev fled to the Dargin District. There, he met with Shaykh al-Islām Ali-Hajji Aqušan, who had been a local military commander prior to the invasion.[1] Kotsev convinced Ali-Hajji to join a meeting of government figures and his one-time opponent Uzun-Hajji. At the meeting, it was agreed to launch a resistance movement against the Russian invasion.[2]
On 20 May 1919, the Mountainous Republic's government dissolved, and its members fled to the Democratic Republic of Georgia to establish a government-in-exile. The Bolsheviks, too, fled, travelling to Baku,[3] although a few[a] travelled to the village of Levashi to join Ali-Hajji's resistance movement.[4] The uprising against White Russian forces began in August 1919. Uzun-Hajji led forces in Chechnya and Ingushetia, while Ali-Hajji oversaw operations in Dagestan.[5]
Formation, activities, and support
editThe Security Council was formally established on 19 October 1919, including the following 19 representatives:[6]
- Ali-Hajji Aqušan
- Uzun-Hajji
- Ibrahim-Hajji of Kuchrab
- Muhammad Ali Hajji
- Muhammad-Qadi Rakushev
- Davud Ibrahim
- Alikhan Kantemir
- Safar Dudarov
- Zubair Temirkhanov
- Bagadur Mallachikhanov
- Gasanov-Effendi Effendi-zade
- Abdu Samed Mursalov
- Mama-Hajji
- Osman Osmanov
- Rabadan Nurov
- Yusuf Molla Magomed
- Omar Effendi Makhavat
- Muta Ramazanov
- Mola Osman
Several members of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) were part of the Security Council, and the Dagestan Regional Committee of the RCP(b) had formally lent its support to the group.[4] Their efforts to take control of the council were complicated by Ottoman Empire generals such as Nuri Pasha and Kâzım Bey,[7] who had travelled to the Caucasus at the behest of Ali-Hajji and Uzun-Hajji to assist in fighting Russia and sought the establishment of pro-Ottoman puppet states in the North Caucasus.[8]
Within its first days, the Security Council's controlled territory increased from the Dargin District to include the Kazi-Kumukh and Kaitag-Tabasaran districts.[7] By the end of October, it was receiving medical, financial, and diplomatic support from the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and Democratic Republic of Georgia. A six-month mobilisation of all men between 20 and 40 was announced, and the Security Council's military wing, the "People's Army of Freedom", was established.[9] The oath of the People's Army of Freedom was as follows:
I, an askari of the People's Army of the Security Council of the Northern Caucasus, swear by the holy Quran to protect sharia, freedom, and the independence of the working peoples of the Northern Caucasus and the selected high power - the Security Council. I swear to fulfil the orders and instructions of the commanders appointed and trusted by the Security Council, fighting with all mortal foes and enemies of the people and the government.[10]
The Security Council was also supported by the Allies of World War I. The United States government's American Committee for Relief in the Near East provided humanitarian aid to the council, and Italy, France, and the United Kingdom all provided diplomatic backing to the Security Council as the legitimate government of the Northern Caucasus.[11]
Communist takeover and dissolution
editAt the second session of the Security Council on 7 February 1920, the Bolsheviks took control. The Ottoman officers were dismissed and forced to leave, while Ali-Hajji was himself replaced as leader by communist revolutionary Sultan-Said Kazbekov.[8] Fifteen members of the council were removed, with Celaleddin Qorqmazlı and Boris Sheboldayev being added in their place.[12]
The 11th Red Army conquered the Northern Caucasus in late March 1920.[12] Following this, the Security Council was reorganised into the revolutionary committee of Dagestan on 11 April 1920. Qorqmazlı was appointed as chairman of the revolutionary committee, with Safar Dudarov as his deputy.[13]
Notes
edit- ^ Specifically Celaleddin Qorqmazlı, M. M. Khizroyev, M. Dalgat, and S. Gabiyev.
References
edit- ^ Abdullayev 2013, p. 270.
- ^ Nakhibashev, Makhach (2009). Узун-Хаджи Салтинский — общественно-политический и религиозный деятель Дагестана и Чечни [Uzun-Hajji of Salta — A Civic-Political and Religious Figure of Dagestan and Chechnya] (in Russian). Makhachkala: Epokha. pp. 63–64.
- ^ Sulayev 2004, p. 6–7.
- ^ a b Daniyalov, G. D., ed. (1968). История Дагестана. Т. 3 [History of Dagestan: Book 3] (in Russian). Moscow: Main Editorial Office of Eastern Literature. pp. 89–90.
- ^ Kirov, Sergei (1936). Статьи, речи, документы. Том 1. 1912-1921 [Articles, Speeches, Documents, Book 1: 1912–1921] (in Russian). Moscow. p. 143.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Протокол первого заседания Совета обороны Дагестана" [Protocol of the First Meeting of the Security Council of Dagestan]. Roman Pashkov Free Public Political and Legal Internet Library (in Russian). 19 October 1919. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ a b Abdullayev 2013, p. 33.
- ^ a b Osmanov 2013, p. 186.
- ^ Osmanov 2013, p. 184–185.
- ^ Osmanov 2013, p. 185.
- ^ Sulayev 2004, p. 40–42.
- ^ a b Sulayev 2004, p. 28.
- ^ Osmanov 2013, p. 187.
Bibliography
edit- Sulayev, Imanutdin (2004). Совет обороны Северного Кавказа и Дагестана: неизвестные страницы истории [The Security Council of the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan: Unknown Pages of History] (in Russian). Makhachkala: Dagestan State University. p. 55.
- Abdullayev, Magomed (2013). Триумф и трагедия шейх-уль-ислама Дагестана Али-Хаджи Акушинского [The Triumph and Tragedy of Dagestan's Shaykh al-Islām Ali-Hajji Aqušan] (in Russian). Makhachkala: Epokha. p. 368.
- Osmanov, O. I. (2013). "Совет Обороны Северного Кавказа и Дагестана как коалиционное правительство и предшественник революционного комитета Дагестана (октябрь 1919 г. – апрель 1920 г. )" [The Security Council of the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan as a coalition government and predecessor of the Revolutionary Committee of Dagestan (October 1919–April 1920)]. News of the Kabardino-Balkar Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian). 6 (56): 183–189 – via Cyberleninka.