Sedov (masculine, Russian: Седов) or Sedova (feminine, Russian: Седова) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Anastasia Sedova (born 1995), Russian cross-country skier
- Georgy Sedov (1877–1914), Russian Arctic explorer
- Lev Sedov (1906–1938), son of Leon Trotsky
- Leonid I. Sedov (1907–1999), physicist and first chair of space programme
- Natalia Sedova (1882–1962), the second wife of Leon Trotsky
- Pavel Sedov (born 1982), Russian ice hockey player
- Sergei Sedov (1908–1937), another son of Leon Trotsky