The Rikken Seiyūkai (立憲政友会, Association of Friends of Constitutional Government) was one of the main political parties in the pre-war Empire of Japan. It was also known simply as the Seiyūkai.
Rikken Seiyūkai 立憲政友会 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | Itō Hirobumi Saionji Kinmochi Yamamoto Gonnohyōe Hara Takashi Takahashi Korekiyo Tanaka Giichi Inukai Tsuyoshi |
| Founder | Itō Hirobumi[1][2] |
| Founded | September 15, 1900[3] |
| Dissolved | July 30, 1940 |
| Merger of | Kenseitō[4] Teikokutō (factions)[4] Kakushin Club (factions, 1925) |
| Merged into | Imperial Rule Assistance Association[1] |
| Succeeded by | Seiyūhontō (Mainstream faction, 1924, via Shinsei Club) Shōwakai (pro-Tokonami faction, 1935) |
| Headquarters | Tokyo City |
| Newspaper | Seiyūkai [5] Chuo Shimbun (ja) [6] |
| Ideology | Conservatism[7][8][9][10][11] Liberal conservatism[1][12] Revisionist capitalism[13] Monarchism[14] Anti-particracy[15] |
| Political position | Centre-right[16] to right-wing[17] |
Founded on September 15, 1900, by Itō Hirobumi,[2] the Seiyūkai was a pro-government alliance of bureaucrats and former members of the Kenseitō. The Seiyūkai was the most powerful political party in the Lower House of the Diet of Japan from 1900 to 1921, and it promoted big government and large-scale public spending. Though labeled "liberal" by its own members, it was generally conservative by modern definitions. It often opposed social reforms and it supported bureaucratic control and militarism for the purpose of winning votes. It viewed the Rikken Minseitō as its main rival.
The Seiyūkai came into power in October 1900 under the 4th Itō administration. Under its second leader, Saionji Kinmochi, it participated in the Movement to Protect Constitutional Government from 1912 to 1913. It was the ruling party under the Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe from 1913 to 1914. Cabinet minister (and later 4th party president) Takahashi Korekiyo helped reinforce its ties with the zaibatsu, especially the Mitsui financial interests.
The 3rd party president, Hara Takashi, became Prime Minister in September 1918, and assigned every cabinet post except for the Army Minister, Navy Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs to members of the Seiyūkai. In the 1920, the party reached the peak of its popularity.
After Hara's assassination in 1921, a large block of party members defected to form the Seiyūhontō in the 1924 General Election; however, the Seiyūkai retained enough seats to dominate the cabinet of its 5th party president, General Tanaka Giichi from 1927 to 1929.
While in the opposition during the Minseitō-dominated cabinet of Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi, the Seiyūkai attacked the ratification of the London Naval Treaty of 1930 as against Article 11 of the Meiji Constitution, which stipulated the independence of the military from civilian control.
After winning the 1932 General Election under Inukai Tsuyoshi, Seiyūkai formed a cabinet, floated the yen and conducted policies to revive the economy. However, after Inukai’s assassination in the May 15 Incident of 1932, factionism within the party limited its effectiveness.
In 1940, it voted to dissolve itself into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association as part of Fumimaro Konoe's efforts to create a one-party state, and thereafter ceased to exist.
Ichirō Hatoyama, who had been a Seiyūkai member of the House of Representatives, led some former party members into the 1945 Liberal Party.
Election results
edit| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1902 | 433,763 | 50.40% | 191 / 376
|
|
| 1903 | 373,022 | 45.42 | 175 / 376
|
 16
|
| 1904 | 217,691 | 33.47 | 133 / 379
|
42
|
| 1908 | 649,858 | 48.40 | 187 / 379
|
 54
|
| 1912 | 689,613 | 51.52 | 209 / 381
|
22
|
| 1915 | 446,934 | 31.54 | 108 / 381
|
101
|
| 1917 | 504,720 | 38.80 | 165 / 381
|
57
|
| 1920 | 1,471,728 | 55.77 | 278 / 464
|
113
|
| 1924 | 666,317 | 22.41 | 103 / 464
|
175
|
| 1928 | 4,244,385 | 43.06% | 217 / 466
|
114
|
| 1930 | 3,925,980 | 37.69 | 174 / 466
|
43
|
| 1932 | 5,683,137 | 58.20 | 301 / 466
|
127
|
| 1936 | 4,188,029 | 37.62 | 174 / 466
|
127
|
| 1937 | 3,594,863 | 35.23 | 175 / 466
|
1
|
References
edit- ^ a b c The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Rikken Seiyūkai". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
- ^ a b David S. Spencer, "Some Thoughts on the Political Development of the Japanese People", The Journal of International Relations (January 1920) p325
- ^ "立憲政友会(りっけんせいゆうかい)とは". kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved September 15, 2019. (from Encyclopedia Nipponica )
- ^ a b "立憲政友会 りっけんせいゆうかい". kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved September 15, 2019. (from Micropædia )
- ^ Inoue 2012, pp. 7, 84.
- ^ "中央新聞(ちゅうおうしんぶん)とは". kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved September 15, 2019.
- ^ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Minseitō". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
- ^ Sobei Mogi, H. Vere Redman, ed. (1935). The Problem of the Far East. J.B. Lippincott. p. 75.
- ^ Development and Society - Volumes 35-36. Institute for Social Development and Policy Research, Center for Social Sciences, Seoul National University. 2006. p. 311.
In 1900, Ito Hirobumi and Saionji Kimmochi collaborated with the conservative group to found the Rikken Seiyukai, Constitutional Association of Political Friends
- ^ Steven Casey, Jonathan Wright, ed. (2008). Mental Maps in the Era of Two World Wars. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 116.
Ultimately, in the face of mounting pressures from the military hardliners and the conservative opposition party Rikken Seiyūkai ( Friends of Constitutional Government Party, ...
- ^ Kent E. Calder, ed. (2021). Crisis and Compensation: Public Policy and Political Stability in Japan. Princeton University Press. p. 188. ISBN 9780691229478.
- ^ Inoue 2012, p. 48.
- ^ Inoue 2012, p. 112.
- ^ Inoue 2012, pp. ii, 136.
- ^ Inoue 2012, pp. i, 4, 13.
- ^ Urs Matthias Zachmann, ed. (2017). Asia after Versailles: Asian Perspectives on the Paris Peace Conference and the Interwar Order, 1919-33. Edinburgh University Press.
- ^ The Linkage Between Domestic and International Conflict: The Case of Japanese Foreign Policy, 1890-1941. University of Michigan. 2004. p. 267.
Works cited
edit- Inoue, Toshikazu [in Japanese] (2012). Seiyūkai to Minseitō: senzen no nidai seitōsei ni nani o manabu ka. Chuko Shinsho (in Japanese). Tokyo: Chuokoron-Shinsha. ISBN 978-4-12-102192-2.