Selenium compounds are compounds containing the element selenium (Se). Among these compounds, selenium has various oxidation states, the most common ones being −2, +4, and +6. Selenium compounds exist in nature in the form of various minerals, such as clausthalite, guanajuatite, tiemannite, crookesite etc., and can also coexist with sulfide minerals such as pyrite and chalcopyrite.[1] For many mammals, selenium compounds are essential. For example, selenomethionine and selenocysteine are selenium-containing amino acids present in the human body. Selenomethionine participates in the synthesis of selenoproteins.[2] The reduction potential and pKa (5.47) of selenocysteine are lower than those of cysteine, making some proteins have antioxidant activity.[3] Selenium compounds have important applications in semiconductors, glass and ceramic industries, medicine, metallurgy and other fields.[4]
Chalcogen compounds and oxyacids
edit
Selenium forms two oxides: selenium dioxide (SeO2) and selenium trioxide (SeO3). Selenium dioxide is formed by the reaction of elemental selenium with oxygen:[5]
It is a polymeric solid that forms monomeric SeO2 molecules in the gas phase. It dissolves in water to form selenous acid, H2SeO3. Selenous acid can also be made directly by oxidizing elemental selenium with nitric acid:[6]
Unlike sulfur, which forms a stable trioxide, selenium trioxide is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes to the dioxide above 185 °C:[5][6]
- (ΔH = −54 kJ/mol)
Selenium trioxide is produced in the laboratory by the reaction of anhydrous potassium selenate (K2SeO4) and sulfur trioxide (SO3).[7]
Salts of selenous acid are called selenites. These include silver selenite (Ag2SeO3) and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3).
Hydrogen sulfide reacts with aqueous selenous acid to produce selenium disulfide:
Selenium disulfide consists of 8-membered rings. It has an approximate composition of SeS2, with individual rings varying in composition, such as Se4S4 and Se2S6. Selenium disulfide has been used in shampoo as an antidandruff agent, an inhibitor in polymer chemistry, a glass dye, and a reducing agent in fireworks.[6]
Selenium trioxide may be synthesized by dehydrating selenic acid, H2SeO4, which is itself produced by the oxidation of selenium dioxide with hydrogen peroxide:[8]
Hot, concentrated selenic acid can react with gold to form gold(III) selenate.[9]
Halogen compounds
editIodides of selenium are not well known. The only stable chloride is selenium monochloride (Se2Cl2), which might be better known as selenium(I) chloride; the corresponding bromide is also known. These species are structurally analogous to the corresponding disulfur dichloride. Selenium dichloride is an important reagent in the preparation of selenium compounds (e.g. the preparation of Se7). It is prepared by treating selenium with sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2).[10] Selenium reacts with fluorine to form selenium hexafluoride:
In comparison with its sulfur counterpart (sulfur hexafluoride), selenium hexafluoride (SeF6) is more reactive and is a toxic pulmonary irritant.[11] Some of the selenium oxyhalides, such as selenium oxyfluoride (SeOF2) and selenium oxychloride (SeOCl2) have been used as specialty solvents.[5]
Selenides
editAnalogous to the behavior of other chalcogens, selenium forms hydrogen selenide, H2Se. It is a strongly odiferous, toxic, and colorless gas. It is more acidic than H2S. In solution it ionizes to HSe−. The selenide dianion Se2− forms a variety of compounds, including the minerals from which selenium is obtained commercially. Illustrative selenides include mercury selenide (HgSe), lead selenide (PbSe), zinc selenide (ZnSe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (Cu(Ga,In)Se2). These materials are semiconductors. With highly electropositive metals, such as aluminium, these selenides are prone to hydrolysis:[5]
Alkali metal selenides react with selenium to form polyselenides, Se2−
n, which exist as chains.
Other compounds
editTetraselenium tetranitride, Se4N4, is an explosive orange compound analogous to tetrasulfur tetranitride (S4N4).[5][12][13] It can be synthesized by the reaction of selenium tetrachloride (SeCl4) with [((CH
3)
3Si)
2N]
2Se.[14]
Selenium reacts with cyanides to yield selenocyanates:[5]
Organoselenium compounds
editSelenium, especially in the II oxidation state, forms stable bonds to carbon, which are structurally analogous to the corresponding organosulfur compounds. Especially common are selenides (R2Se, analogues of thioethers), diselenides (R2Se2, analogues of disulfides), and selenols (RSeH, analogues of thiols). Representatives of selenides, diselenides, and selenols include respectively selenomethionine, diphenyldiselenide, and benzeneselenol. The sulfoxide in sulfur chemistry is represented in selenium chemistry by the selenoxides (formula RSe(O)R), which are intermediates in organic synthesis, as illustrated by the selenoxide elimination reaction. Consistent with trends indicated by the double bond rule, selenoketones, R(C=Se)R, and selenaldehydes, R(C=Se)H, are rarely observed.[15]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ ""无上"文明古国：郭实猎笔下的大英", “无上”文明古国：郭实猎笔下的大英, UniSIM Centre for Chinese Studies, SIM University, pp. 1–268, Mar 2015, retrieved 2023-12-01
- ^ Block, Eric; Birringer, Marc; Jiang, Weiqin; Nakahodo, Tsukasa; Thompson, Henry J.; Toscano, Paul J.; Uzar, Horst; Zhang, Xing; Zhu, Zongjian (2001-01-01). "Allium Chemistry: Synthesis, Natural Occurrence, Biological Activity, and Chemistry of Se -Alk(en)ylselenocysteines and Their γ-Glutamyl Derivatives and Oxidation Products". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (1): 458–470. doi:10.1021/jf001097b. ISSN 0021-8561.
- ^ Byun, Byung Jin; Kang, Young Kee (May 2011). "Conformational preferences and p K a value of selenocysteine residue". Biopolymers. 95 (5): 345–353. doi:10.1002/bip.21581. ISSN 0006-3525.
- ^ ""无上"文明古国：郭实猎笔下的大英", “无上”文明古国：郭实猎笔下的大英, UniSIM Centre for Chinese Studies, SIM University, pp. 1–268, Mar 2015, retrieved 2023-12-01
- ^ a b c d e f House, James E. (2008). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. p. 524. ISBN 978-0-12-356786-4.
- ^ a b c Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). Inorganic chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 583. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 780. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Seppelt, K.; Desmarteau, Darryl D. (1980). Selenoyl difluoride. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 20. pp. 36–38. doi:10.1002/9780470132517.ch9. ISBN 978-0-471-07715-2. The report describes the synthesis of selenic acid.
- ^ Lenher, V. (April 1902). "Action of selenic acid on gold". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 24 (4): 354–355. doi:10.1021/ja02018a005.
- ^ Xu, Zhengtao (2007). Devillanova, Francesco A. (ed.). Handbook of chalcogen chemistry: new perspectives in sulfur, selenium and tellurium. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 460. ISBN 978-0-85404-366-8.
- ^ Proctor, Nick H.; Hathaway, Gloria J. (2004). Hughes, James P. (ed.). Proctor and Hughes' chemical hazards of the workplace (5th ed.). Wiley-IEEE. p. 625. ISBN 978-0-471-26883-3.
- ^ Woollins, Derek; Kelly, Paul F. (1993). "The Reactivity of Se4N4 in Liquid Ammonia". Polyhedron. 12 (10): 1129–1133. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)88201-7.
- ^ Kelly, P.F.; Slawin, A.M.Z.; Soriano-Rama, A. (1997). "Use of Se4N4 and Se(NSO)2 in the preparation of palladium adducts of diselenium dinitride, Se2N2; crystal structure of [PPh
4]
2[Pd
2Br
6(Se
2N
2)]". Dalton Transactions (4): 559–562. doi:10.1039/a606311j. - ^ Siivari, Jari; Chivers, Tristram; Laitinen, Risto S. (1993). "A simple, efficient synthesis of tetraselenium tetranitride". Inorganic Chemistry. 32 (8): 1519–1520. doi:10.1021/ic00060a031.
- ^ Erker, G.; Hock, R.; Krüger, C.; Werner, S.; Klärner, F.G.; Artschwager-Perl, U. (1990). "Synthesis and Cycloadditions of Monomeric Selenobenzophenone". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 29 (9): 1067–1068. doi:10.1002/anie.199010671.