Chocolate is a food made from roasted and ground cocoa beans mixed with fat (e.g. cocoa butter) and powdered sugar to produce a solid confectionery. There are several types of chocolate, classified primarily according to the proportion of cocoa and fat content used in a particular formulation.
Eating
editTraditional
editDark
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Dark chocolate, also called plain chocolate, is produced using only cocoa butter, with no milk fat included. It is made from chocolate liquor to which some sugar, more cocoa butter and vanilla are added. Dark chocolate can be eaten as is, or used in cooking, for which thicker baking bars, usually with high cocoa percentages ranging from 70% to 100%, are sold. A higher amount of cocoa solids indicates more bitterness. Many brands display the cocoa percentage on their packaging.
European Union rules specify a minimum of 35% cocoa solids.[1] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires a 15% concentration of chocolate liquor.
"Bittersweet chocolate" is a version of dark chocolate intended for baking with a low amount of sugar, with the sugar typically consisting of about 33% of the final mass.[2] Semi-sweet chocolate" includes more sugar, resulting in a somewhat sweeter confection, but the two are largely interchangeable in baking.
As of 2017[update], there is no high-quality evidence that dark chocolate affects blood pressure significantly or provides other health benefits.[3]
Milk
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Milk chocolate is solid chocolate made with milk. Differences in flavor between different brands and regions are largely due to differences in how the manufacturers handle the milk during production, such as by choosing powdered milk, condensed milk, chocolate crumb, or partially lipolyzed milk.[4]
In 1875 a Swiss confectioner, Daniel Peter, developed a solid milk chocolate using condensed milk, which had been invented by Henri Nestlé, Peter's neighbor in Vevey.[5][6]
White
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White chocolate, although similar in texture to that of milk and dark chocolate, does not contain any cocoa solids that impart a dark color. It is made of sugar, milk, and cocoa butter, which has been extracted from the cocoa liquor. It is pale ivory colored, and lacks many of the compounds found in milk and dark chocolates.
In 2002, the US Food and Drug Administration established a standard for white chocolate as the "common or usual name of products made from cocoa fat (i.e., cocoa butter), milk solids, nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners, and other safe and suitable ingredients, but containing no nonfat cocoa solids".[7]
Other
editAerated
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Chocolate that has been turned into foam through adding bubbles.
Gianduja
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Gianduja chocolate is made by blending hazelnut butter with chocolate paste. Similarly to standard chocolate, it is made in both plain and milk versions. It may also contain other nuts, such as almond.[8] As a bar, gianduja resembles regular chocolate, excepting the fact that it is significantly softer due to the presence of hazelnut oil.[9]
Organic
editOrganic chocolate is chocolate which has been certified organic, generally meaning that there are no chemical fertilizers or pesticides used in growing the cocoa beans producing the chocolate. As of 2016, it was a growing sector in the global chocolate industry. Organic chocolate is a socially desirable product for some consumers.[10]
Raw
editRaw chocolate is chocolate that has not been processed, heated, or mixed with other ingredients. It is sold in chocolate-growing countries and to a lesser extent in other countries. It is often promoted as being healthy.[11] Raw chocolate includes many essential antioxidants, minerals, and vitamins. This includes protein, iron, and fiber.[12]
Ruby
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Ruby chocolate is made from the Ruby cocoa bean, resulting in a distinct red color and a different flavor, described as "sweet yet sour".[13] It was created by Barry Callebaut, a Belgian–Swiss cocoa company.[14] The variety was in development from 2004, and was released to the public in 2017.[13]
Confectionery
editBaking
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Baking chocolate, or cooking chocolate,[15] is chocolate intended to be used for baking and in sweet foods that may or may not be sweetened. Dark chocolate, milk chocolate, and white chocolate, are produced and marketed as baking chocolate. However, lower quality baking chocolate may not be as flavorful compared to higher-quality chocolate, and may have a different mouthfeel.[16]
Poorly tempered or untempered chocolate may have whitish spots on the dark chocolate part, called chocolate bloom; it is an indication that sugar or fat has separated due to poor storage. It is not toxic and can be safely consumed.[17]
In the US, baking chocolate containing no added sugar may be labeled "unsweetened chocolate".
Couverture
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Couverture chocolate is a class of high-quality chocolate containing a higher percentage of cocoa butter than other chocolate which is precisely tempered. Couverture chocolate is used by professionals for dipping, coating, molding and garnishing ('couverture' means 'covering' in French). Popular brands of couverture chocolate used by pastry chefs include: Valrhona, Lindt & Sprüngli, Scharffen Berger, Callebaut, and Guittard.
Compound
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Compound chocolate is the name for a confection combining cocoa with other vegetable fats, usually tropical fats or hydrogenated fats, as a replacement for cocoa butter. It is often used for candy bar coatings. In many countries it can not legally be called "chocolate".
Modeling
editModeling chocolate is a chocolate paste made by melting chocolate and combining it with corn syrup, glucose syrup, or golden syrup. It is primarily used by cakemakers and pâtisseries to add decoration to cakes and pastries.
By country
editDuring the 20th century, chocolate was categorized based on where it was manufactured. During the 21st century, there was a shift away from this, in favor of describing the origins of the cocoa beans.[18]
Belgium
editBelgian chocolate, according to academic Kristy Leissle, does not denote flavor or texture, but refers to bonbons.[18]
France
editFrench chocolate's flavor is that of a dark roast and smooth texture.[18]
Switzerland
editSwiss chocolate has a milky flavor and smooth texture.[18]
Legal definitions
editCanada
editThe legislation for cocoa and chocolate products in Canada is found in Division 4 of the Food and Drug Regulations (FDR), under the Food and Drugs Act (FDA). The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is responsible for the administration and enforcement of the FDR and FDA (as it relates to food).[19]
| Product | Cocoa butter | Milk solids | Milk fat | Fat-free cocoa solids | Cocoa solids |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milk chocolate | ≥ 15% | ≥ 12% | ≥ 3.39% | ≥ 2.5% | ≥ 25% |
| Sweet chocolate | ≥ 18% | < 12% | ≥ 12% | ≥ 31% | |
| Chocolate, bittersweet chocolate, semi-sweet chocolate or dark chocolate | ≥ 18% | < 5% | ≥ 14% | ≥ 35% | |
| White chocolate | ≥ 20% | ≥ 14% | ≥ 3.5% |
The use of cocoa butter substitutes in Canada is not permitted. Chocolate sold in Canada cannot contain vegetable fats or oils.[20]
The only sweetening agents permitted in chocolate in Canada are listed in Division 18 of the Food and Drug Regulations.[21] Artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, sucralose, acesulfame potassium, and sugar alcohols (sorbitol, maltitol, etc.) are not permitted.
Products manufactured or imported into Canada that contain non-permitted ingredients (vegetable fats or oils, artificial sweeteners) cannot legally be called "chocolate" when sold in Canada. A non-standardized name such as "candy" must be used.[20]
European Union and United Kingdom
editThere has been disagreement in the EU about the definition of chocolate; this dispute covers several issues, including the types of fat and the quantity of cocoa used. In 1999, however, the EU resolved the fat issue by allowing up to 5% of chocolate's content to be one of six alternatives to cocoa butter: illipe oil, palm oil, sal, shea butter, kokum gurgi, or mango kernel oil.[22]
Products labelled as "family milk chocolate" elsewhere in the European Union are permitted to be labelled as simply "milk chocolate" in Malta, the UK and the Republic of Ireland.[23] [24]
| Product | Total dry cocoa solids | Cocoa butter | Non-fat cocoa solids | Total fat[a] | Milk fat | Milk solids | Flour/starch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dark chocolate | ≥ 35% | ≥ 18% | ≥ 14% | ||||
| Couverture chocolate | ≥ 35% | ≥ 31% | ≥ 2.5% | ||||
| Chocolate vermicelli or flakes | ≥ 32% | ≥ 12% | ≥ 14% | ||||
| Milk chocolate | ≥ 25% | ≥ 2.5% | ≥ 25% | ≥ 3.5% | ≥ 14% | ||
| Couverture milk chocolate | ≥ 25% | ≥ 2.5% | ≥ 31% | ≥ 3.5% | ≥ 14% | ||
| Milk chocolate vermicelli or flakes | ≥ 20% | ≥ 2.5% | ≥ 12% | ≥ 3.5% | ≥ 12% | ||
| Family milk chocolate | ≥ 20% | ≥ 2.5% | ≥ 25% | ≥ 5% | ≥ 20% | ||
| Cream chocolate | ≥ 25% | ≥ 2.5% | ≥ 25% | ≥ 5.5% | ≥ 14% | ||
| Skimmed milk chocolate | ≥ 25% | ≥ 2.5% | ≥ 25% | ≤ 1% | ≥ 14% | ||
| White chocolate | ≥ 20% | ≥ 14% | |||||
| Chocolate a la taza | ≥ 35% | ≥ 18% | ≥ 14% | ≤ 8% | |||
| Chocolate familiar a la taza | ≥ 30% | ≥ 18% | ≥ 12% | ≤ 18% |
Japan
editIn Japan, "chocolate products" are classified on a complex scale.
Chocolate materials (チョコレート生地, chokorēto kiji):
- Pure chocolate material (純チョコレート生地, jun-chokorēto kiji)
- Cocoa content ≥35%, cocoa butter ≥18%, sucrose ≤55%, lecithin ≤0.5%, no additives other than lecithin and vanilla flavoring, C, water ≤3%
- Pure milk chocolate material (純ミルクチョコレート生地, jun-miruku chokorēto kiji)
- Cocoa content ≥21%, cocoa butter ≥18%, milk solids ≥14%, milk fats ≥3.5%, sucrose ≤55%, lecithin ≤0.5%, no additives other than lecithin and vanilla flavoring, no fats other than cocoa butter and milk fats, water ≤3%
- Chocolate material (チョコレート生地, chokorēto kiji)
- Cocoa content ≥35%, cocoa butter ≥18%, water ≤3%. It is also permitted to substitute milk solids for cocoa content as follows: cocoa content ≥21%, cocoa butter ≥18%, combined milk solids & cocoa content ≥35%, milk fats ≥3%, water ≤3%.
- Milk chocolate material (ミルクチョコレート生地, miruku chokorēto kiji)
- Cocoa content ≥21%, cocoa butter ≥18%, milk solids ≥14%, milk fats ≥3%, water ≤3%
- Quasi chocolate material (準チョコレート生地, jun-chokorēto kiji) a
- Cocoa content ≥15%, cocoa butter ≥3%, fats ≥18%, water ≤3%
- Quasi milk chocolate material (準ミルクチョコレート生地, jun-miruku chokorēto kiji)
- Cocoa content ≥7%, cocoa butter ≥3%, fats ≥18%, milk solids ≥12.5%, milk fats ≥2%, water ≤3%
Chocolate products (チョコレート製品, chokorēto seihin):
Products using milk chocolate or quasi milk chocolate as described above are handled in the same way as chocolate / quasi chocolate.
- Chocolate (チョコレート, chokorēto)
- Processed chocolate products made from chocolate material itself or containing at least 60% chocolate material. Processed chocolate products must contain at least 40% chocolate material by weight. Amongst processed chocolate products, those containing at least 10% by weight of cream and no more than 10% of water can be called raw chocolate (生チョコレート, nama chokorēto)
- Chocolate sweet (チョコレート菓子, chokorēto kashi)
- Processed chocolate products containing less than 60% chocolate material
- Quasi chocolate (準チョコレート, jun-chokorēto)
- The quasi symbol should officially be circled. Processed quasi chocolate products made from quasi chocolate material itself or containing at least 60% quasi chocolate material.
- Quasi chocolate sweet (準チョコレート菓子, jun-chokorēto kashi)
- Processed quasi chocolate products containing less than 60% quasi chocolate material
United States
editThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the naming and ingredients of cocoa products:[25][26]
Semisweet and bittersweet are terms traditionally used in the United States to indicate the amount of added sugar in dark chocolate. Typically, bittersweet chocolate has less sugar than semisweet chocolate,[27] but the two are interchangeable when baking. Both must contain a minimum of 35% cocoa solids.
In the American chocolate industry chocolate liquor is the ground or melted state of the nib of the cacao bean, containing roughly equal parts cocoa butter and solids.[28]
| Product | Chocolate liquor | Milk solids | Sugar | Cocoa fat | Milk fat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buttermilk chocolate | ≥ 10% | ≥ 12% | < 3.39% | ||
| Milk chocolate | ≥ 10% | ≥ 12% | ≥ 3.39% | ||
| Mixed dairy product chocolates | ≥ 10% | ≥ 12% | |||
| Skim milk chocolate | ≥ 10% | ≥ 12% | < 3.39% | ||
| Sweet chocolate | ≥ 15% | < 12% | |||
| Semisweet or bittersweet chocolate | ≥ 35% | < 12% | |||
| White chocolate | ≥ 14% | ≤ 55% | ≥ 20% | ≥ 3.5% |
In March 2007, the Chocolate Manufacturers Association, whose members include Hershey's, Nestlé, and Archer Daniels Midland, began lobbying the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to change the legal definition of chocolate to allow the substitution of "safe and suitable vegetable fats and oils" (including partially hydrogenated vegetable oils) for cocoa butter in addition to using "any sweetening agent" (including artificial sweeteners) and milk substitutes.[29] Currently, the FDA does not allow a product to be referred to as "chocolate" if the product contains any of these ingredients.[30] To work around this restriction, products with cocoa substitutes are often branded or labeled as "chocolatey" or "made with chocolate".
See also
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Notes
edit- ^ "Total fat" refers to the combined cocoa butter and milk fat content
References
edit- ^ Directive 2000/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 June 2000 relating to cocoa and chocolate products intended for human consumption
- ^ Matsko Hood, Karen Jean (2015). Chocolate Delights Cookbook: A Collection of Chocolate Recipes. Whispering Pine Press International, Inc.
- ^ Ried, K; Fakler, P; Stocks, N. P (2017). "Effect of cocoa on blood pressure". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (5): CD008893. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub3. PMC 6478304. PMID 28439881.
- ^ Beckett, Stephen T (August 2003). "Is the taste of British milk chocolate different?". International Journal of Dairy Technology. 56 (3): 139–142. doi:10.1046/j.1471-0307.2003.00099.x. ISSN 1364-727X. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ Mintz, Sidney (2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. p. 524. ISBN 978-0-19-931339-6 – via Google Books.
- ^ Moskin, Julia (13 February 2008). "Dark may be king, but milk chocolate makes a move". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^ "US Federal Register – White Chocolate; Establishment of a Standard of Identity". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
- ^ Beckett, Steve T. (2011). "Gianduja chocolate". Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444357554.
- ^ Medrich, Alice (2015). Pure Dessert: True Flavors, Inspiring Ingredients, and Simple Recipes. Artisan Books. p. 157. ISBN 9781579656850.
gianduja resembles a bar of chocolate. It is softer on the tooth than a plain chocolate bar (because of the oil from the hazelnuts)
- ^ Mitch Lipka (11 February 2015). "Is organic chocolate worth the price?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
- ^ Cahalane, Claudia (30 March 2007). "A raw deal". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
- ^ "FoodData Central". fdc.nal.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ^ a b McGee, Oona (20 January 2018). "We try the world's first ruby chocolate… inside a Japanese Kit Kat【Taste Test】". SoraNews24. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ^ Sarah Young (5 September 2017). "Scientists just invented a brand new flavour of chocolate". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
- ^ Risley, M. S. (2009). The Tante Marie's Cooking School Cookbook: More Than 250 Recipes for the Passionate Home Cook. Simon & Schuster. p. 370. ISBN 978-1-4391-4221-9.
- ^ Gisslen, W. (2012). Professional Baking. Wiley. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-118-08374-1.
- ^ Kinta, Yasuyoshi; Hartel, Richard W. (20 August 2009). "Bloom Formation on Poorly-Tempered Chocolate and Effects of Seed Addition" (PDF). Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 87 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1007/s11746-009-1473-5. S2CID 29161529. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
- ^ a b c d Leissle (2018), p. 169.
- ^ "Responsibilities of the Agency: 11. (3) (a)". Canadian Food Inspection Agency Act. Department of Justice Canada. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
The [Canadian Food Inspection] Agency is responsible for the enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act as it relates to food, as defined in section 2 of that Act
- ^ a b "Division 4: Cocoa and Chocolate Products". Food and Drug Regulations. Department of Justice Canada. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "Division 18: Sweetening Agents". Food and Drug Regulations. Department of Justice Canada. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "EU Agrees on Chocolate Definition Upsetting Major Cocoa Producers". www.thefreelibrary.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
- ^ "Guidance on the Cocoa and Chocolate Products Regulations 2003" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ Directive 2000/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 June 2000 relating to cocoa and chocolate products intended for human consumption
- ^ "Title 21 – Food and Drugs, Chapter I, Sub chapter B – Food for Human Consumption, Part 163 – Cocoa Products". Title 21 – Food and Drugs. Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2007.
- ^ "Types of Chocolate Products". Hershey.com. Letter to. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2007.
{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Mushet, C.; Sur La Table; Caruso, M. (2008). The Art and Soul of Baking. Andrews McMeel Publishing. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-0-7407-7334-1.
- ^ "Making Sense of % Cacao". CMA – Chocolate Manufacturers Association. 2 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
- ^ Bragg, Lynn M. (April 2007). "To Our Stakeholders" (PDF). Chocolate Manufacturers Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
- ^ (2007P-0085 Archived 22 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Copy of 2007P-0085 Appendix C Archived 26 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine – search for cacao)
Sources
edit- Fowler, Mark S; Coutel, Fabien (2017). "Cocoa beans: from tree to factory". In Beckett, Stephen T; Fowler, Mark S; Ziegler, Gregory R (eds.). Beckett’s Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use (5th ed.). West Sussex, UK: Wiley. ISBN 9781118780145.
- Leissle, Kristy (2018). Cocoa. Polity. ISBN 9781509513208. OCLC 988580966.
- Wood, Richard (2017). "Legal aspects of chocolate manufacture". In Beckett, Stephen T; Fowler, Mark S; Ziegler, Gregory R (eds.). Beckett’s Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use (5th ed.). West Sussex, UK: Wiley. ISBN 9781118780145.
External links
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Media related to Chocolate by type at Wikimedia Commons
