Senegambia, also known in Dutch as Bovenkust ("Upper Coast"), was the collective noun for the fortifications and trading posts owned by the Dutch West India Company (DWIC) in the region now known as Senegal. The main purpose of these trading posts was to obtain slaves in order to ship them to the Americas.
Senegambia Bovenkust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1617–1678 | |||||||
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |||||||
 | |||||||
| Status | Dutch colony | ||||||
| Capital | Gorée | ||||||
| Common languages | Dutch | ||||||
| Religion | Dutch Reformed | ||||||
| Chief factor | |||||||
• 1627 | Pompeius de la Sale | ||||||
• 1675-1677 | Pieter Hoppesack | ||||||
| History | |||||||
• Established | 1617 | ||||||
• Disestablished | 1678 | ||||||
| |||||||
History
editBeing almost devoid of drinking water, Gorée was not settled before the arrival of Europeans, although the presence of domesticated sheep noted by Portuguese explorers indicates the island was frequented by local peoples of the nearby mainland.[1] Portuguese traders established themselves on the island in 1444.[2] By the end of the 16th century, Portuguese and Dutch traders were established at Joal and Saly on the mainland as well.[3]
Due to the destruction of much of the archive of the First Dutch West India Company, it is unknown when and how the Dutch replaced the Portuguese on Goree.[2] According to Olfert Dapper, the island was gifted to the Dutch West India Company by the local chief Biram in 1617. This statement is problematic, not the least because the Dutch West India Company was only established in 1621.[4] From 1621 to 1637, the WIC exercised a monopoly over Dutch trade in West Africa, pushing the earlier merchants out or underground.[5]
Possession of Goree was the key to accessing the trade of the entire coast south of the Cap Vert, including that of the Gambia river, as it served as a warehousing and transshipment point. In addition, it was a convenient stopover on the shortest route from Europe to the Caribbean.[6] The island was attacked by the Portuguese in early 1629, but they were not able to hold it and their access to the lucrative coastal trade was cut off.[7] From the 1620s to the 1670s, the Dutch West India Company dominated all the trade in the area, including shipping slaves out of the Portuguese post at Cacheu to Curacao.[8] By the 1630s they had created several fortified trading posts on the mainland.[9]
Repeated wars weakened the Dutch West India Company, however, and the Third Anglo-Dutch War precipitated the bankruptcy of the company in 1674. In 1677 a French fleet led by Jean d'Estrées defeated the Dutch and captured Goree and their coastal trading posts. The new administration attempted to create a monopoly, in contrast to the relatively free hand of the Dutch, and trade in the region dropped significantly.[10]
Having lost almost all the trade in gum arabic, bezoar stone, ambergris and ostrich feathers, the DWIC wanted to regain its position. The Frenchman Jean du Casse, head of the Compagnie de Sénégal, reached an agreement with the local leaders, who decided to destroy the Dutch trading posts and the DWIC lost its position for good.[citation needed]
Administration
editThe trading posts in the Cape Vert region were managed by the Chamber of Amsterdam, a subdivision of the DWIC.[11] The administration at Goerée was headed by a chief factor (Dutch: commies en opperhoofd), and included two to three sub-factors, and three to four assistants.[12] An incomplete list of chief factors was compiled by Guy Thilmans.[13]
| Name | Appointed | Took office | Left office | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pompeius de la Sale | 22 July 1627 | ? | ? | Later General on the Gold Coast |
| Hans Mols | ? | 1632 | 1636 | Later director of Dutch Loango-Angola |
| Johannes l'Hermite | 7 February 1659 | ? | ? | |
| Pieter Vlasvat | 19 May 1661 | ? | ? | |
| Pedro Justo Baack | ? | 1661 | 1662 | |
| Adrianus Romanus | 18 August 1662 | ? | ? | |
| Johannes Cellarius | ? | 1664 | 1667 | |
| Abraham van Asperen | 15 July 1667 | ? | 1669 | |
| Pieter Stolwijck | ? | 1669 | 1671 | |
| Pieter van Asperen | 9 October 1671 | ? | 1673 | Died in office |
| Joachim Eylkens | ? | 1674 | 21 March 1674 | Died in office |
| Pieter Hoppesack | ? | 21 March 1674 | 1674 | |
| Nicolaas Bruyningh Wildelant | ? | 1674 | 1675 | |
| Pieter Hoppesack | ? | 1675 | November 1677 | Surrendered to Jean d'Estrées, Count of Estrées |
Senegambia possessions of the DWIC
edit- Gorée: 1617 to 1663 and 1664 to 1677.
- on Goreé were two fortifications: Fort Nassau (near Fort St. Francois) to the north part of the island and Fort Orange (near Fort St. Michel) on the south end of the island.
Trading posts:
Notes
edit- ^ Thilmans 2006, p. 11.
- ^ a b Thilmans 2006, p. 12.
- ^ Guy Thilmans, ʻSur lʼExistence, Fin XVIe siècle, de Comptoirs Néerlandais à Joal et Portudal (Sénégal)ʼ, Notes Africaines 117 (1968): 17.
- ^ Thilmans 2006, p. 14.
- ^ Da Silva 2012, p. 132, 139.
- ^ Jacobs 2012, p. 205-6.
- ^ Jacobs 2012, p. 206.
- ^ Jacobs 2012, p. 205, 212-3.
- ^ Jacobs 2012, p. 207.
- ^ Jacobs 2012, p. 213-4.
- ^ Da Silva 2012, p. 139.
- ^ Da Silva 2012, p. 141.
- ^ Thilmans 2006, p. 34.
References
edit- Da Silva, FILIPA RIBEIRO (2012). "Dutch Trade with Senegambia, Guinea, and Cape Verde, c.1590–1674". In Green, Toby (ed.). Brokers of Change: Atlantic Commerce and Cultures in Pre-Colonial Western Africa. London: Proceedings of the British Academy.
- Jacobs, Bart (2012). "The Dutch in Seventeenth-Century Senegambia and the Emergence of Papiamentu". In Green, Toby (ed.). Brokers of Change: Atlantic Commerce and Cultures in Pre-Colonial Western Africa. London: Proceedings of the British Academy.
- Thilmans, Guy (2006). Histoire militaire de Gorée: de l'arrivée des portugais (1444) au départ définitif des anglais (1817). Gorée [Senegal]: Éditions du Musée historique du Sénégal.