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France–Serbia relations

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French-Serbian relations are foreign relations between France and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1839, between the Kingdom of France and the Principality of Serbia.[1]

French-Serbian relations
Map indicating locations of France and Serbia

France
Serbia
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of France, BelgradeEmbassy of Serbia, Paris

Both countries are members of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Partnership for Peace, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). After a short period of severance caused by the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, France's diplomatic relations with Serbia (then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) were restored on 16 November 2000.[2]

Since 2006, Serbia is an observer on the Francophonie.[3] France is also an EU member and Serbia is an EU candidate. There are between 70,000 and 100,000 people of Serbian descent living in France.

Emmanuel Macron visited Serbia during July 2019. The last official visit of the French President to Serbia took place in September 2024.[4]

History

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Serbia and France have a history of close relations. Those were seriously shaken with France's show of support for the U.S. in the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, and Kosovo war, but have been improving since 2000.

 
French-born Serbian princess Helen of Anjou founded Gradac Monastery in the 13th century
 
Renaissance tapestry (16th century) with motifs of the Battle of Kosovo (1389) in the Château de Chenonceau, France.

The oldest documented possible contact between the two sides was the marriage of Stephen Uroš I of Serbia and Helen of Anjou. The first important contacts of French and Serbs came only in the 19th century when French travel writers first wrote about this Balkan country.[5] In the 19th century, Karađorđe Petrović, leader of Serbian Revolution, sent a letter to Napoleon expressing his admiration, while in the French parliament, Victor Hugo made a speech asking France to assist Serbia and to protect the Serbian population from Ottoman crimes.[6] Rapid development of bilateral relations followed, so that the people in Serbia saw a great new friend in "mighty France", that could protect them from the Ottomans and Habsburgs.[5] Relations between Serbia and France continued to improve until the First World War, when the "common struggle" against a common enemy reached its peak. Before the war France won the sympathy of the Serbian population by building railways, opening French Schools, a Consulate and a French Bank. Several Serbian kings from this period studied at universities in Paris, as well as large part of the future diplomats.[5] Serbs gained a sense of Francophile because all these activities moved them away from the Ottoman and Habsburg empires.[5] The Serbian-French alliance until 1914 even threatened the traditional inclination towards Russia. Great humanitarian and military assistance was sent by France to Serbia during the First World War, including assistance in the evacuation of children, civilians and military at the end of the war, and the support of French newspaper headlines. In the interwar period, rivaling German political influence became less relevant, and France became the primary influence in Kingdom of Yugoslavia and French culture was favored by Serb elites.[7]

 
Alexander, Prince regent of Serbia, and Raymond Poincaré, President of France, in 1916.

The members of four generations of the national elite known as 'Parisians' played an important role in the political life of modern Serbia. Liberals, Progressives, Radicals and Independent Radicals pursued and shaped modern political principles and values in 19th century Serbia. Implementing and creatively adapting French models and doctrines, and the 'Parisians' contributed to the democratization and Europeanization of Serbia and the eminent place the French influence had in her politics and culture before the WWI.[8] Also, a number of notable Serb painters were educated and worked in France, mostly Paris.[9] French was the second language in schools during the whole interwar period, and it was studied as the second language in Kingdom of Serbia.[10]

French influence was visible in the literary production which drew on French models. This influence was explained with "strong spiritual similarity between the French and Serbian mentalities and the French and Serbian languages"[11] and it had a fundamental role in creation of the "Belgrade style".[12]

Some French travelers wrote that "Serbia is the most Francophile country in the world".[13]

 
Monument of Gratitude to France erected in 1930 in Belgrade central Kalemegdan Park, work of the Yugoslav sculptor Ivan Meštrović (1883-1962).

Even today, actions and alliance from the WWI remain deeply ingrained in the collective consciousness of a large number of Serbs.[5] In 1964 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and France signed 6 year bilateral trade agreement which provided Yugoslavia with the same trading conditions France was providing for the OECD member countries[14] contributing to further development of Yugoslav relations with the European Economic Community.

Kosovo

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When Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, France became one of the first countries to recognize its independence. A leaked diplomatic cable suggested that France had made it clear that Serbia could not enter the EU without recognizing Kosovo's independence.[15] France participated in the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, which resulted in a UN administration of Kosovo and then to eventual independence in which Serbia does not recognise. France currently has 1,368 troops serving in Kosovo as peacekeepers in the NATO led Kosovo Force. Originally there was 7,000 French troops in KFOR.[16]

Cooperation

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With the signing of the Agreement on the Succession of Interstate Treaties on 26 March 2003, the procedure of consolidation of the treaty status between the two countries has been completed. Among the treaties, the most important ones are: the Agreement for the Protection of Investments (1974); the Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation (1974); the Convention on Social Security (1950); the Agreement on Cultural Cooperation (1964); the Agreement on Road Transport (1964).[17] In 2005, the volume of trade between the two countries was US$453,827 million. Serbian and French Presidents Boris Tadić and Nicolas Sarkozy signed in Paris at April 2011 a political declaration meant to support Serbia's EU integration.[18]

From 2014 to 2024, trade between Serbia and France has tripled in volume. By 2024, 120 French companies were operating in Serbia, providing employment to over 13,000 people.[19]

Resident diplomatic missions

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  •  
    Embassy of France in Belgrade
  •  
    Embassy of Serbia in Paris

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "France". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  2. ^ "France and Serbia Political relations". Archived from the original on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
  3. ^ "Serbia at www.francophonie.org". Archived from the original on 2019-08-29. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
  4. ^ "From Paris with love: Serbia's east-west balancing act pays off". POLITICO. 2024-08-29. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
  5. ^ a b c d e Sretenović, Stanislav (2009), Francusko-srpski odnosi u XIX i XX veku (PDF), Belgrade, Serbia: Institut za međunarodni politiku i privredu
  6. ^ "Quotations from Victor Hugo". www.poemhunter.com.
  7. ^ Gašić, Ranka (2005). Beograd u hodu ka Evropi: Kulturni uticaji Britanije i Nemačke na beogradsku elitu 1918–1941. Belgrade: Institut za savremenu istoriju. p. 8. ISBN 86-7403-085-8.
  8. ^ Bataković, Dušan T. (2010). "French Influence in Serbia 1835-1914. Four Generations of 'Parisians'". Balcanica (XLI): 93–129. doi:10.2298/BALC1041093B. ISSN 0350-7653.
  9. ^ Gašić, Ranka (2005). Beograd u hodu ka Evropi: Kulturni uticaji Britanije i Nemačke na beogradsku elitu 1918–1941. Belgrade: Institut za savremenu istoriju. ISBN 86-7403-085-8.
  10. ^ Gašić, Ranka (2005). Beograd u hodu ka Evropi: Kulturni uticaji Britanije i Nemačke na beogradsku elitu 1918–1941. Belgrade: Institut za savremenu istoriju. p. 149. ISBN 86-7403-085-8.
  11. ^ Bataković, Dušan (2017). "On Parliamentary Democracy in Serbia 1903–1914 Political Parties, Elections, Political Freedoms". Balcanica. XLVIII.
  12. ^ Samardžić, Radovan (1990). "La langue littéraire serbe et l'influence française à la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle". Relations franco-yougoslaves. Institut d'histoire: 85–90.
  13. ^ Bataković, Dušan (2017). "On Parliamentary Democracy in Serbia 1903–1914 Political Parties, Elections, Political Freedoms". Balcanica. XLVIII.
  14. ^ Tomanović, M. (1965). Hronika međunarodnih događaja 1964. Belgrade. Institute of International Politics and Economics Archived 2018-08-16 at the Wayback Machine, p.237. (in Serbo-Croatian)
  15. ^ "France: Serbia may not be part of EU without recognizing Kosovo". www.albeu.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
  16. ^ "Kosovo Force (KFOR)" www.nato.int Link accessed 21-07-09
  17. ^ Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with France Archived June 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ "Serbia, France sign strategic partnership agreement".
  19. ^ Tanjug (2024-11-26). "Košar: Trgovinska razmena sa Srbijom utrostručena u prethodnih 10 godina". Euronews.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 2024-11-26.

Sources

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  • Sretenović, S. (2009). "Francusko-srpski odnosi u XIX i XX veku". Međunarodni problemi. 61.
  • Troude, Alexis (2019). La France et la Serbie: des siècles d'amitié. Zavod za proučavanje kulturnog razvitka.
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