Serra da Capivara National Park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, IPA: [ˈpaʁki nɐsjoˈnaw ˈsɛʁɐ dɐ kɐpiˈvaɾɐ]) is a national park in the Northeastern region of Brazil. The area has many prehistoric paintings.
| Serra da Capivara National Park | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Location of Serra da Capivara National Park | |
| Location | Piauí, Brazil |
| Coordinates | 8°40′S 42°33′W / 8.667°S 42.550°W |
| Area | 1,291.4 km2 (498.6 sq mi) |
| Criteria | Cultural: (iii) |
| Reference | 606 |
| Inscription | 1991 (15th Session) |
The name of the mountain range that defines the park, "Serra da Capivara," literally means "Capybara Hills" in Portuguese. This area has the largest and the oldest concentration of prehistoric sites in the Americas.[1][2] Scientific studies confirm that the Capivara mountain range was densely populated in the pre-Columbian Era.[3]
Location
editIt is located in northeast state of Piauí, between latitudes 8° 26' 50" and 8° 54' 23" south and longitudes 42° 19' 47" and 42° 45' 51" west. It falls within the municipal areas of São Raimundo Nonato, São João do Piauí, Coronel José Dias and Canto do Buriti. It has an area of 1291.4 square kilometres (319,000 acres).
The Capivara-Confusões Ecological Corridor, created in 2006, links the park to the Serra das Confusões National Park.[4]
History
edit
The park was created to protect the prehistoric artifacts and paintings found there. It became a World Heritage Site in 1991. Its head archaeologist is Niède Guidon. Its best known archaeological site is Pedra Furada.
Scientific studies confirm that the Capivara mountain range was densely populated in the pre-Columbian Era.[citation needed] A newer site is Toca da Tira Peia, where the stone tools found may date to as early as 22,000 years ago. The site has been dated through optically stimulated luminescence.[5]
Other important archaeological sites in the area are Toca da Pena, Baxao da Esperanca, and Sitio do Meio. Lapa do Boquete site is located directly south.[6]
Wildlife
editBearded capuchins in the park have been found to have the "largest known tool kit for wild capuchin monkeys".[7] Their stone tools include those for foraging, threat, and sexual displays, while they use sticks as tools for probing. Further, while on the ground, they dig with their hands after losing the soil with stone tools for roots and arthropods.[7]
Sítio do Meio
editSítio do Meio is the second most important rock shelter in the area after Pedra Furada. It features fully Pleistocene dates and artefacts. The stone artefacts are better preserved because of the absence of waterfalls. At least 98 stone tools seem older than 12,500 BP. They belong to the Upper Pleistocenic phase of Pedra Furada 3.[8]
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Janaina C. Santos1, Alcina Magnólia Franca Barreto2, Kenitiro Suguio (December 2012). "Quaternary deposits in the Serra da Capivara National Park and surrounding area, Southeastern Piauí state, Brazil". University of São Paulo. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Serra da Capivara National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ^ Romero, Simon (March 27, 2014). "Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas". New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
- ^ Serras da Capivara e das Confusões serão unidas por corredor ecológico (in Portuguese), MMA, 11 March 2005, retrieved 2016-11-04
- ^ Lahaye, Christelle; Hernandez, Marion; Boëda, Eric; Felice, Gisele D.; Guidon, Niède; Hoeltz, Sirlei; Lourdeau, Antoine; Pagli, Marina; Pessis, Anne-Marie; Rasse, Michel; Viana, Sibeli (2013). "Human occupation in South America by 20,000 BC: the Toca da Tira Peia site, Piauí, Brazil". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (6): 2840–2847. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.019. ISSN 0305-4403.
- ^ German Dziebel, THE TOCA DA TIRA PEIA SITE AND THE END OF AN ICE AGE IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY. Anthropogenesis, April 24, 2013 (see map)
- ^ a b Falótico, Tiago; Siqueira, José O.; Ottoni, Eduardo B. (2017). "Digging up food: excavation stone tool use by wild capuchin monkeys". Scientific Reports. 7 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06541-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5524703. PMID 28740211.
- ^ AIMOLA, Giulia et al. Final Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Sitio do Meio, Piauí, Brazil: Stratigraphy and comparison with Pedra Furada. Journal of Lithic Studies, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 2, p. 5-24, sep. 2014. ISSN 2055-0472. Available at: <http://journals.ed.ac.uk/lithicstudies/article/view/1125/1631>. Date accessed: 16 Apr. 2016 doi:10.2218/jls.v1i2.1125
Bibliography
edit- Eric Boëda, et al. (2014), Les Industries pléistocènes du Piaui. Nouvelles données academia.edu
External links
edit
- Explore Serra da Capivara National Park in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture
- The Rock Art of Serra da Capivara
- Brazilian Ministry of External Relations information about park
- Photos of Serra da Capivara by Maria-Brazil
- FUMDHAM - South-American Pre-Historic Men Foundation