The Shōkera (しょうけら, lit. Mole Cricket Spirit) is a Japanese yōkai found in Edo Period yōkai emaki such as, the Hyakkai Zukan and the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō. They can also be written しゃうけら, せうけら, as well as 精螻蛄.[1]
Concept
editIn the Hyakkai Zukan, Gazu Hyakki Yagyō etc., they appear only in pictures with no explanatory text, so what kind of yōkai they are is a matter of speculation. In folk religion, there is a custom called the "shōkera" in the Kōshin-Machi where, due to a belief in an insect called Three Corpses inside the body that on the Kōshin night would rise to the skies and report that person's crimes to the Ten-Tei (heavenly god) resulting in the Ten-Tei taking that person's life, people would spend the night without sleeping so that the Three Corpses would not leave the body on Kōshin night. It is said that those who then proceed to quickly sleep during the day would receive some damage, and it is said that chanting "Is the shōkera still in the gut? At my lodging, will I not sleep? Will I sleep? If I don't sleep" (しょうけらはわたとてまたか我宿へねぬぞたかぞねたかぞねぬば, "shōkera wa wata tote mata ka waga yado e nenuzotaka zo netaka zo nenuba") would ward off this harm, so from this, it can be seen that the shōkera of Kōshin-Machi is a yōkai that causes harm to people.[2]
Also, in the writing Kōshinden (庚申伝) from the Genroku years, there is the passage "shōkera is an insect, and said in one theory to be the Three Corpses" (ショウキラハ虫ノコト也、一説三尸ノコトト云), so there is also the interpretation that shōkera refers to the Three Corpses,[3][4] and it is also said that they are the personification of the three corpses[5] or that their depiction was modeled after the Three Corpse's middle corpse, which took on the form of a beast.[3]
The Gazu Hyakki Yagyō by Toriyama Sekien depicts a shōkera looking in through the skylight of a house's roof. Yōkai-related literature starting in Shōwa and Heisei began to give the interpretation that this is surveillance to see whether people are following the rules of Kōshin-Machi day, and it is supposed that the shōkera would give a punishment by three fingers with sharp nails on those who break the rule.[6]
Notes
edit- ^ This kanij is seen in publications like Mizuki Shigeru Furusato no Yōkai (ふるさとの妖怪) (Jakometei Publications (じゃこめてい出版), 1974), "Nihon Yōkai Daizen" (日本妖怪大全) (Kōdansha, 1991) but in the "Ketteiban (Authoritative Edition) Nihon Yōkai Daizen" (決定版 日本妖怪大全) (Kōdansha Publications, 2014), the 精螻蛄 kanji could no longer be found.
- ^ 稲田篤信・田中直日編 (1992). 高田衛監修 (ed.). 鳥山石燕 画図百鬼夜行. 国書刊行会. pp. 78頁. ISBN 978-4-336-03386-4.
- ^ a b 多田克己 (2000). 京極夏彦・多田克己編 (ed.). 妖怪図巻. 国書刊行会. pp. 143頁. ISBN 978-4-336-04187-6.
- ^ 妖怪ドットコム (2008). 図説 妖怪辞典. 幻冬舎コミックス. pp. 101頁. ISBN 978-4-344-81486-8.
- ^ 人文社編集部 (2005). 諸国怪談奇談集成 江戸諸国百物語 西日本編. ものしりシリーズ. 人文社. pp. 28頁. ISBN 978-4-7959-1956-3.
- ^ 草野巧 (1997). 幻想動物事典. Truth in fantasy. 新紀元社. pp. 168頁. ISBN 978-4-88317-283-2.