The State Anthem of Ukraine,[9][b] also known by its incipit "Šče ne vmerla Ukrainy i slava, i volia"[1][8][c] and its original title "Šče ne vmerla Ukraina",[10][d] is one of the state symbols of Ukraine.
| English: 'The Glory and Will[a] of Ukraine Have Not Yet Perished' | |
|---|---|
| Ще не вмерла України і слава, і воля[1] | |
 The sheet music for the State Anthem of Ukraine. | |
National anthem of Ukraine | |
| Also known as | «Ще не вмерла Україна»[6] (English: 'Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished') |
| Lyrics | Pavlo Chubynskyi, 1862 |
| Music | Mykhailo Verbytskyi, 1863 |
| Adopted | 15 January 1992 (music)[7] 6 March 2003 (lyrics)[8] |
| Preceded by | Anthem of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic |
| Audio sample | |
National anthem of Ukraine arranged by Olexandr Morozov and performed in G minor by the National Presidential Band of Ukraine with Anatoly Molotai conducting | |
| 1939 performance by the Soim of Carpatho-Ukraine | |
|---|---|
 1939 performance by the Soim of Carpatho-Ukraine. Video: [15], [16] |
The lyrics are a slightly modified version of the first verse and chorus of the patriotic song "Šče ne vmerla Ukrainy", written in 1862 by Pavlo Chubynskyi, an ethnographer from Kyiv. In 1863, Mykhailo Verbytskyi, a composer and Catholic priest, composed the music to accompany Chubynskyi's lyrics. The first choral public performance of the piece was in 1864 at the Ruska Besida Theatre in Lviv.[11]
In the first half of the 20th century, during unsuccessful attempts to gain independence and create a state from the territories of the Russian Empire, Poland, and Austria-Hungary, the song was the national anthem of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the West Ukrainian People's Republic, and Carpatho-Ukraine. A competition was held for a national anthem following Ukraine's secession from the Soviet Union, with one of the songs being "Za Ukrainu" by the Ukrainian writer and actor Mykola Voronyi. "Šče ne vmerla Ukrainy" was officially adopted by the Verkhovna Rada—Ukraine's parliament—on 15 January 1992.[7] The official lyrics were adopted on 6 March 2003 by the Law on the State anthem of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Закон «Про Державний гімн України»).[8]
History
editBackground
edit
The Ukrainian national anthem can be traced back to one of the parties of the Ukrainian ethnographer Pavlo Chubynskyi that occurred during the autumn of 1862. Scholars think that the Polish patriotic song "Poland Is Not Yet Lost", which dates back to 1797 and later became the national anthem of Poland and the Polish Legions, also influenced Chubynskyi's lyrics.[13][14][15] The Polish patriotic song was popular among the nations of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that were at that time fighting for their independence; the January Uprising started a few months after Chubynskyi wrote his lyrics.[16] According to a memoirist who was present, Chubynskyi wrote the lyrics spontaneously after listening to Serbian students singing Svetozar Miletić's "Srpska pesma" (lit. 'Serbian song')[17] during a gathering of Serbian and Ukrainian students in an apartment in Kyiv.[18]
Chubynskyi's words were rapidly taken up by the earliest Ukrainophiles. In 1862, the head gendarme, Prince Vasily Dolgorukov, exiled Chubynskyi to Arkhangelsk Governorate for the "dangerous influence on the minds of commoners".[19]
The poem was first officially published in 1863 when it appeared in the fourth issue of the Lviv-based journal Meta;[20][21] the journal mistakenly attributed the poem to Taras Shevchenko.[22] It became popular in the territories that now form part of Western Ukraine and came to the attention of a member of the Ukrainian clergy, Mykhailo Verbytskyi of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Inspired by Chubynskyi's lyrics, Verbytskyi, then a prominent composer in Ukraine, decided to set it to music.[23] The lyrics were first published with Verbytskyi's sheet music in 1865.[24] The first choral public performance of the piece was in 1864 at the Ruska Besida Theatre in Lviv.[11]
One of the first recordings of this anthem (then spelled "Szcze ne wmerła Ukrajiny ni sława, ni wola") in Ukrainian was released on a gramophone record by Columbia Phonograph Company during World War I in 1916.[25] As a folk song, it was performed by a Ukrainian emigrant from Lviv and New York resident Mykhailo Zazuliak in 1915.[26]
Early use
edit"Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" was not used as a state anthem until 1917 when it was adopted by the Ukrainian People's Republic as its national anthem.[27][28] Still, even between 1917 and 1921, the song was not legislatively adopted as an exclusive state anthem as other anthems were also used at the time.
During the Soviet period
editIn 1922, the Ukrainian SSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR with the Russian SFSR, Transcaucasian SFSR, and Byelorussian SSR, which created the Soviet Union. Following the signing of the treaty, "Šče ne vmerla Ukrainy" was banned by the Soviet regime.[citation needed] The authorities later decided that each separate Soviet republic could have its anthem, but "Šče ne vmerla Ukrainy" was rejected in an attempt to help to suppress separatist sentiments held by Ukrainian nationalists. In 1939, "Šče ne vmerla Ukrainy" was adopted as the official state anthem of Carpatho-Ukraine.[29]
After Joseph Stalin ordered that "The Internationale" be replaced with the State Anthem of the Soviet Union in 1944, all the constituent republics of the union were forced to produce each of their representative regional anthem as well. The Ukrainian government established a commission on the anthem on 23 February 1944.[30] Soviet authorities, after a period of struggle, successfully persuaded public intellectuals to create an anthem with lyrics fitting their political interests and music sterile of any Ukrainian national elements.[31] On 23 February, the Ukrainian chairman Mykhailo Hrechukha started a meeting by reading a synopsis of the anthem-to-be in front of musicians and litterateurs: the Ukrainian nation's union with the Soviets were envisaged for the first stanza; the Ukrainian people, their struggles, and "freedom" under Lenin and Stalin were envisaged for the second stanza; Ukraine's economic and political "flourishing" in the union were envisaged for the third stanza. The refrain was conceived to be used after each stanza, which was considered as a paean to the union of the Soviet peoples and the reunited Ukraine following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia.[32]
Composers worked on the score before the decision on the lyrics; by February 1945, 11 composers were selected as finalists.[33] Anton Lebedynets' score won with an overwhelming majority vote,[34] and the score was adopted as the music of the new Soviet anthem in November 1949.[35] Earlier in January 1948, the lyrics of Pavlo Tychyna and co-author Mykola Bazhan won; due to plagiarism of his text, Oleksa Novytskyi demanded to be listed as a co-author, but to no avail.[36] On 21 November 1949, the new anthem of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted.[28] Borys Yarovynskyi edited and reorchestrated the anthem in 1979.[37]
Post-independence
editOn 15 January 1992, "Šče ne vmerla Ukrainy" was adopted by the Ukrainian Parliament, as the state anthem[11] and was later instituted in the Ukrainian Constitution. However, the lyrics for the anthem were not officially adopted until 6 March 2003, when the Verkhovna Rada passed a law on the state anthem of Ukraine (Закон «Про Державний гімн України»), proposed by then-president Leonid Kuchma. The law proposed Mykhailo Verbytskyi's music and Pavlo Chubynskyi's first stanza and refrain of his poem "Šče ne vmerla Ukrainy". However, the first line of the lyrics was to be changed from Šče ne vmerla Ukraina, i slava, i volia to Šče ne vmerla Ukrainy i slava, i volia.[e] The law was passed with an overwhelming majority of 334 votes out of 450, with only 46 MPs opposing. Only the members of the Socialist Party of Ukraine and the Communist Party of Ukraine refrained from voting. The national anthem that up until then had only officially consisted of Mykhailo Verbytskyi's music, would henceforth also include the modified lyrics of Pavlo Chubynskyi.
The popularity of the Ukrainian anthem has become particularly high in the wake of the Orange Revolution protests of 2004 and Euromaidan of 2013. Ukrainian composer Valentyn Sylvestrov, who participated in Ukrainian protests in Kyiv, characterized the Ukrainian anthem thus:[39]
The Ukrainian anthem is amazing. At first it doesn't impress you at all, but that's only at first glance. Indeed, this anthem was created by Mykhailo Verbytskyi, a clerical composer of the mid-19th century. He lived under the Austrian monarchy and probably was fond of Schubert; he had a euphonic gift — it's clear from his liturgical compositions. He was a church composer. And this patriotic song, he created as a church composer. This chant is a Hallelujah. No other anthem has this! It's a unique piece: the anthem of Ukraine, which at the same time has all the characteristic features of a liturgy's beginning. Some memory of a liturgy, of an all-night vigil, has submerged in this anthem. It seems as if the wind blows in this simple chant, as if tree branches are singing.
Since Euromaidan and the Russo-Ukrainian War
editDuring the Euromaidan protests of 2013, the anthem became a revolutionary song for the protesters. In the early weeks of the protests, they sang the national anthem once an hour, led by singer Ruslana.[40] In World Affairs, Nadia Diuk argues that the national anthem was used as "the clarion call of the 'revolution'" during Euromaidan, which added weight to protests that previous ones, such as the Orange Revolution, lacked.[41] In a 2014 survey, after being asked "How has your attitude toward the following changed for the last year?", the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found that the attitude towards the Ukrainian national anthem had "improved a lot" in 25.3% of Ukrainians,[42] especially after the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War.[43]
After the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, several orchestras in Europe and North America performed the Ukrainian national anthem in order to show their solidarity with Ukraine.[44]
Lyrics
editThe incipit "Šče ne vmerla Ukrainy" reminds Ukrainians about their struggle for national self-identity and independence.[45] It was sung as the de facto national anthem at the inauguration of Leonid Kravchuk, the first Ukrainian president, on 5 December 1991, but it was not until 6 March 2003 that Chubynskyi's lyrics officially became a part of the national anthem. The Constitution of Ukraine designated Verbytskyi's music for the national anthem on 28 June 1996:[9]
The State Anthem of Ukraine is the national anthem set to the music of M. Verbytskyi, with words that are confirmed by the law adopted by no less than two-thirds of the constitutional composition of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.
— Article 20 of the Constitution of Ukraine
On 6 March 2003, the Parliament of Ukraine officially adopted the anthem's lyrics,[8] opting to use only the first stanza and refrain from Chubynskyi's original poem, while slightly modifying the first stanza.
Current official lyrics
edit| Ukrainian original[8][46] | English translation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
The glory and will of Ukraine has not yet perished, |
Full modern lyrics
editThe first verse and chorus of the following lyrics constitute a more popular (commonly performed) version of the anthem. Differences from the official lyrics are italicized.
| Ukrainian original[47][48] | English translation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
I |
Original lyrics (1862)
editThe first stanza of Chubynskyi's original poem is somewhat similar to the first stanza of national anthems of Poland and Yugoslavia and "Hatikvah", the national anthem of Israel.[49]
| Ukrainian original[50][51] | English translation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
I |
Adaptations
editThe song "Slava Ukraini!", written as a "song of resistance" during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, is inspired by the opening motif of the Ukrainian national anthem.[52]
Notable arrangements and performances
edit- "Ukraine has not perished!". Mykhailo Zazulyak. Columbia Studio, U.S., 1915;[53]
- "Ukraine has already risen!" (Вже воскресла Україна!) (1926 year) by Mykhailo Zazulyak;[54]
- National anthem of Ukraine (Rock Version) by Nicky Rubchenko;[55]
- Anthem of Ukraine performed by 14 nationalities of Ukraine;[56]
- Anthem of Ukraine in orchestral and instrumental arrangement by Anatoly Avdievskyi;[57]
- National anthem of Ukraine performed by Apocalyptica;[58]
- National anthem of Ukraine performed by Dzidzio;[59]
- National anthem of Ukraine performed by Tina Karol;[60][61]
- National anthem of Ukraine performed by Jamala[62]
- National anthem of Ukraine performed by Oleksandr Ponomaryov[63]
- National anthem of Ukraine performed by Vopli Vidopliassova[64]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b Also translated as 'Freedom' and 'Liberty'.
- ^ Ukrainian: Державний гімн України, romanized: Deržavnyj himn Ukrainy, IPA: [deɾˈʒɑʋnɪi̯ ɦimn ʊkɾɐˈjinɪ]
- ^ Ukrainian: Ще не вмерла України і слава, і воля, IPA: [ʃt͡ʃɛ nɛ‿ˈu̯mɛɾɫɐ ʊkɾɐˈjinɪ i ˈsɫɑʋɐ i ˈwɔʎɐ]; lit. 'The Glory and Will[a] of Ukraine Have Not Yet Perished'
- ^ Ukrainian: Ще не вмерла Україна, Ukrainian pronunciation: [ʃt͡ʃɛ nɛ‿ˈu̯mɛɾɫɐ ʊkɾɑˈjinɐ]; lit. 'Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished'
- ^ There were attempts for attaining new lyrics through a commission sponsoring several contests as the Ukrainian government did not adopt Chubynskyi's lyrics due to them being considered outdated. The unsuccessful results have continued the association of the anthem with Chubynskyi's lyrics.[38]
- ^ a b c A de facto Latin alphabet for Ukrainian is based on the scientific transliteration of Cyrillic.
- ^ a b c See Help:IPA/Ukrainian and Ukrainian phonology.
- ^ Also written щира праця (ščyra pracia).
References
edit- ^ a b УІНП (22 February 2018). "Знак твоєї свободи. Затвердження Тризуба гербом УНР. Державні символи й атрибути України". УІНП (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 25 June 2023.
6 березня 2003 року парламент ухвалив Закон "Про Державний Гімн України", у якому затвердив Державним Гімном пісню "Ще не вмерла України і слава, і воля" зі зміненою першою строфою.
- ^ a b c Горбань О. А., Чала Н. М. / Запорізький національний університет (2017). Символ національної і державної величі : До 25-річчя від дня затвердження Державного гімну України : бібліографічний покажчик
- ^ a b c Байкєніч Г., Охрімчук О. / Український інститут національної пам’яті (2020). Колекція пам’яток до пам’ятних дат Української революції 1917—1921 років. Збірка методичних рекомендацій
- ^ a b c Заславська Л. В., Голубовська В. С., Дорогих С. О. / НДІІП НАПрН України (2020). Державний гімн України: історико-правові аспекти (збірник документів і матеріалів)
- ^ a b c [1], [2], [3] / [4], [5], [6], [7] / [8], [9], [10], [11]
- ^ [2][3] [4] [5]
- ^ a b "Про Державний гімн України | від 15.01.1992 № 2042-XII". 13 June 2023. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Про Державний Гімн України | від 06.03.2003 № 602-IV". 10 April 2023. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023.
- ^ a b "Constitution of Ukraine, Chapter 1, General Principles". Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 26 May 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ [2][3][4][5]
- ^ a b c Bristow 2006, p. 570.
- ^ [12], [13], [14]
- ^ Grinevich, Victor (22 January 2009). "Павло Чубинський писав вірші «під Шевченка»" [Pavlo Chubynskyi wrote poems "under Shevchenko"]. Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Hrytsak 2005, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Grabowska, Sabina (2016). "The Evolution of Polish National Symbols on the Example of the Flag and Anthem". Kultura I Edukacja (4). Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek: 183. ISSN 1230-266X.
- ^ Trochimczyk, Maja (2000). "Dąbrowski Mazurka". National Anthems of Poland. Los Angeles: Polish Music Center, USC Thornton School of Music. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
- ^ "српски народни покрет Светозар Милетић". Archived from the original on 6 June 2003.
- ^ Klid 2008, p. 268.
- ^ "Павло Платонович Чубинський. Андрусов Микола Іванович". geoknigi.com.
- ^ "Українська: Копія 1991 р. репринтного видання Львівського журналу "Мета" 1863 р., перша публікація вірша". 24 August 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons.
- ^ "Pavlo Platonovich Chubynsky". National Technical University of Ukraine. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- ^ Kubijovyč 1963, p. 36.
- ^ Struk 1993, p. 581.
- ^ Magocsi 2010, p. 401.
- ^ "у інтернеті набирає популярність аудіозапис гімну україни 1916 року" [The audio recording of the anthem of Ukraine of 1916 is gaining popularity on the Internet]. Channel 5 News (in Ukrainian). 20 October 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Zhytkevych, Anatolii (7 November 2013). "Маловідомі сторінки із життя Михайла Зазуляка" [Little-known pages of the life of Mykhailo Zazuliak]. MICT Online (in Ukrainian). Meest. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 645.
- ^ a b Kubijovyč 1963, p. 37.
- ^ "Карпатська Україна (1939)". YouTube. 5 March 2011.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, p. 311.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, pp. 310, 323.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, p. 312.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, p. 316.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, pp. 317–318.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, p. 320.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, pp. 319, 325.
- ^ Struk 1993, p. 753.
- ^ Hang 2003, pp. 645–646.
- ^ Semenchenko, Maria (29 December 2013). "Валентин Сильвестров: «Читайте Шевченка, доки не пізно…»" [Valentyn Silvestrov: "Read Shevchenko before it's too late..."]. The Day (Kyiv) [День] (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Tishchuk, Olga (2 December 2013). "Євромайдан уночі забарикадувався ялинкою і щогодини співав гімн із Русланою] fakty.ictv.ua" [Euromaidan barricaded itself with a Christmas tree at night and sang the anthem with Ruslana every hour]. Facts (in Ukrainian). ICTV (Ukraine). Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Diuk 2014, p. 16.
- ^ Kulyk 2016, p. 599.
- ^ Nordlinger, Jay (4 April 2022). "The End of Illusions". The National Review. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022.
Before 2014, few people sang the national anthem, apart from ethnic Ukrainians. After 2014, everyone sang the national anthem. This is something that Vitaly Portnikov, a prominent Ukrainian journalist, pointed out to me. When he said, 'Now everyone sings the national anthem,' I first thought he was speaking metaphorically, or poetically. But he meant it literally.
- ^ "Video of the Day: orchestras across Europe perform Ukrainian national anthem". Gramophone. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ Khrebtan-Hörhager 2016, p. 295.
- ^ "On the National Anthem of Ukraine". Legislation of Ukraine (in Ukrainian, English, and Russian). The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Ще не вмерла Україна — Павло Чубинський, повний текст твору". UkrLib. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ "Ще не вмерла Україна". НАШЕ (тексти пісень). Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ Cheplyk, Roman (11 August 2022). "State Anthem of Ukraine". GTInvest Ukraine. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- ^ "Текст офіційного Державного Гімну України" [Text of the official National Anthem of Ukraine]. Constitutional Assembly of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ Sevcenko, Taras (1866). Poezii. (Gedichte.) ruth. - Lemberg, Skuszewicz 1866- (in Ukrainian). Skuszewicz. pp. 66–67.
- ^ "Marcus Paus om sitt nye verk: – Jeg skrev «Slava Ukraini!» fordi jeg ikke kunne la være" [Marcus Paus on his new work: I wrote "Slava Ukraini!" because I had to]. Kulturplot. Norwegian News Agency. 4 March 2022.
- ^ Перший в історії запис "Ще не вмерла Україна!", 18 October 2013, retrieved 17 November 2023
- ^ "Михайло Зазуляк – Вже воскресла Україна / Марселєза | Українська музика та звукозапис". 18 April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Nicky Rubchenko/ Микита Рубченко - Державний Гімн України/ National Anthem of Ukraine (Rock Version), 24 March 2014, retrieved 17 November 2023
- ^ Гимн Украины в исполнении 14 национальностей, проживающих на территории Украины, 6 April 2016, retrieved 17 November 2023
- ^ Flag raising ceremony at the Ukrainian Independence Day parade, 24 August 2014, retrieved 17 November 2023
- ^ Flag raising ceremony at the Ukrainian Independence Day parade, 24 August 2014, retrieved 17 November 2023
- ^ DZIDZIO - Гімн України (Official Audio), 20 August 2020, retrieved 17 November 2023
- ^ National Anthem of Ukraine | Гімн України, 22 August 2022, retrieved 17 November 2023
- ^ ТІНА КАРОЛЬ / TINA KAROL - ГІМН УКРАЇНИ, 11 November 2022, retrieved 17 November 2023
- ^ Jamala – Гімн України | Благодійний матч #Game4Ukraine, 5 August 2023, retrieved 17 November 2023
- ^ "Гімн України/ Anthem of Ukraine. Олександр Пономарьов/ Oleksandr Ponomaryov". YouTube. 13 October 2019.
- ^ "Воплі Відоплясова: Гімн-Славень України". Archived from the original on 18 February 2009.
Sources
edit- Bristow, Michael Jamieson (2006). National Anthems of the World (11th ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-304-36826-6.
- Diuk, Nadia (2014). "EUROMAIDAN: Ukraine's Self-Organizing Revolution". World Affairs. 176 (6): 9–16. JSTOR 43555086.
- Hang, Xing (2003). Encyclopedia of National Anthems. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4847-4.
- Hrytsak, Yaroslav (2005). "On Sails and Gales, and Ships Driving in Various Directions: Post-Soviet Ukraine as a Test Case for the Meso-Area Concept". In Matsuzato, Kimitaka (ed.). Emerging Meso-areas in the Former Socialist Countries: histories revised or improvised?. Hokkaido University. ISBN 978-4-938637-35-4.
- Khrebtan-Hörhager, Julia (3 July 2016). "Collages of Memory: Remembering the Second World War Differently as the Epistemology of Crafting Cultural Conflicts between Russia and Ukraine". Journal of Intercultural Communication Research. 45 (4): 282–303. doi:10.1080/17475759.2016.1184705. S2CID 147896427.
- Klid, Bohdan (2008). "Songwriting and Singing: Ukrainian Revolutionary and Not So Revolutionary Activities in the 1860s". Journal of Ukrainian Studies: 264–277.
- Kubijovyč, Volodymyr (1963). Ukraine: a concise encyclopedia. Vol. 1. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3261-4.
- Kulyk, Volodymyr (20 April 2016). "National Identity in Ukraine: Impact of Euromaidan and the War". Europe-Asia Studies. 68 (4): 588–608. doi:10.1080/09668136.2016.1174980. S2CID 147826053.
- Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-4085-6.
- Struk, Danylo Husar, ed. (1993). "Verbytskyi, Mykhailo". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 5. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3010-8 – via Internet Archive.
- Yekelchyk, Serhy (2003). "When Stalin's Nations Sang: Writing the Soviet Ukrainian Anthem (1944–1949)". Nationalities Papers. 31 (3): 309–326. doi:10.1080/0090599032000115510. S2CID 162023479.
External links
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