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Shi Hong (石弘) (313 – c.December 334[1]), courtesy name Daya (大雅), was briefly an emperor of the Jie-led Later Zhao dynasty of China after the death of his father Shi Le, Later Zhao's founder. Because after his cousin Shi Hu deposed him, he was created the Prince of Haiyang (海陽王), he is sometimes known by that title.
| Shi Hong 石弘 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor of Later Zhao | |||||||||
| Reign | 333–334 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Shi Le | ||||||||
| Successor | Shi Hu | ||||||||
| Born | 314 | ||||||||
| Died | 335 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| House | Shi | ||||||||
| Dynasty | Later Zhao | ||||||||
| Father | Shi Le | ||||||||
| Mother | Lady Cheng | ||||||||
Background
editShi Hong was Shi Le's second son, by his concubine Consort Cheng. Unlike the militaristic Shi Le, Shi Hong was known for his literary studies and kindness. After his older brother Shi Xing (石興) died, Shi Le made him his heir apparent. In 330, after Shi Le declared himself first "Heavenly King" (Tian Wang) and then emperor, he created Shi Hong crown prince. Shi Le, concerned that his powerful nephew Shi Hu, a ferocious general, had too much power, began to transfer some of Shi Hu's power to Shi Hong, but this only served to aggravate Shi Hu, who already resented Shi Hong for being younger but yet crown prince, believing that, as the general who contributed the most to Shi Le's campaign successes, he should be crown prince.
Reign
editIn fall of 333, Shi Le died, and Shi Hu immediately seized power in a coup. In fear, Shi Hong offered to yield the throne to Shi Hu, but Shi Hu refused and forced Shi Hong to assume the throne and make him prime minister, and Shi Hong did so. Shi Hu killed Shi Le's advisors Cheng Xia, Shi Hong's uncle, and Xu Guang. Shi Hu further forced Shi Hong to create him the Prince of Wei, with intent to echo the powers that Cao Cao had while being Emperor Xian of Han's regent.
Shi Le's wife Empress Dowager Liu decided to take a chance. She conspired with Shi Le's adopted son Shi Kan (石堪) the Prince of Pengcheng to start a rebellion against Shi Hu, but Shi Kan was defeated and executed cruelly by burning. Empress Dowager Liu, after her role was discovered, was also executed. Shi Hong's mother Consort Cheng assumed the empress dowager title. Shi Hu also subsequently defeated the efforts by Shi Sheng (石生) the Prince of Hedong, Shi Lang (石朗), and Guo Quan (郭權) to overthrow him. In 334, unable to stand Shi Hu's persecution, Shi Hong personally visited Shi Hu and offered him the throne and the imperial seal, and Shi Hu refused—making it clear that it would be his initiative, not Shi Hong's, if he wanted the throne. Shi Hong returned to the palace and cried to Empress Dowager Cheng that the descendants of Shi Le would be exterminated. Soon thereafter, claiming that Shi Hong had violated the customs on mourning, Shi Hu deposed Shi Hong and demoted Shi Hong to the title of the Prince of Haiyang and imprisoned Shi Hong along with Empress Dowager Cheng and his brothers Shi Hong (石宏, note different character) the Prince of Qin and Shi Hui (石恢) the Prince of Nanyang in Chongxun Palace, and soon executed them. Shi Le's descendants were, by this point, exterminated by Shi Hu.
Personal information
edit- Father
- Shi Le (Emperor Ming)
- Mother
References
edit- Book of Jin, vols. 104, 105 [1].
- Book of Wei, vol. 95 [2].
- Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 93, 94, 95.
- Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, vol. 2.
- ^ ([咸和九年]十一月，虎遣郭殷持节入宫，废弘为海阳王。弘安步就车，容色自若，谓群臣曰：“庸昧不堪纂承大统，夫复何言！”群臣莫不流涕，宫人恸哭。群臣诣魏台劝进，虎曰：“皇帝者盛德之号，非所敢当，且可称居摄赵天王。”幽弘及太后程氏、秦王宏、南阳王恢于崇训宫，寻皆杀之。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.95. The month corresponds to 12 Dec 334 to 10 Jan 335 in the Julian calendar.