The Shiva hypothesis, also known as coherent catastrophism, is the idea that global natural catastrophes on Earth, such as extinction events, happen at regular intervals because of the periodic motion of the Sun in relation to the Milky Way galaxy.
Initial proposal in 1979
editWilliam Napier and Victor Clube in their 1979 Nature article, ”A Theory of Terrestrial Catastrophism”,[1] proposed the idea that gravitational disturbances caused by the Solar System crossing the plane of the Milky Way galaxy are enough to disturb comets in the Oort cloud surrounding the Solar System. This sends comets in towards the inner Solar System, which raises the chance of an impact. According to the hypothesis, this results in the Earth experiencing large impact events about every 30 million years (such as the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event).
Later work by Rampino
editStarting in 1984, Michael R. Rampino published followup research on the hypothesis. Certainly Rampino was aware of Napier and Clube's earlier publication, as Rampino and Stothers' letter to Nature in 1984 references it.[2]
In the 1990s, Rampino and Bruce Haggerty renamed Napier and Clube's Theory of Terrestrial Catastrophism after Shiva, the Hindu god of destruction.[3] In 2020, Rampino and colleagues published non-marine evidence corroborating previous marine evidence in support of the Shiva hypothesis.[4]
Similar theories
editThe Sun's passage through the higher density spiral arms of the galaxy, rather than its passage through the plane of the galaxy, could hypothetically coincide with mass extinction on Earth.[5] However, a reanalysis of the effects of the Sun's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation.[6]
The Shiva Hypothesis may have inspired yet another theory: that a brown dwarf named Nemesis causes extinctions every 26 million years, which varies slightly from 30 million years.[7]
Criticism
editThe idea of extinction periodicity has been criticised due to the fact that the hypothesis assumes that most or all extinction events have the same cause, when evidence suggests that extinctions are likely the result of a variety of causes that are unlikely to be cyclically induced.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Napier, WM; Clube, SVM (1979). "A theory of terrestrial catastrophism". Nature. 282 (5738): 455–459. Bibcode:1979Natur.282..455N. doi:10.1038/282455a0. S2CID 35238984.
- ^ Rampino, Michael R; Stothers, Richard B (1984). "Terrestrial mass extinctions, cometary impacts and the Sun's motion perpendicular to the galactic plane". Nature. 308 (5961): 709–712. Bibcode:1984Natur.308..709R. doi:10.1038/308709a0. S2CID 4256690.
- ^ Rampino, Michael R.; Haggerty, Bruce M. (February 1996). "The ?Shiva Hypothesis?: Impacts, mass extinctions, and the galaxy". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 72 (1–3): 441–460. Bibcode:1996EM&P...72..441R. doi:10.1007/BF00117548. S2CID 189901526.
- ^ Rampino, Michael R.; Caldeira, Ken; Zhu, Yuhong (2020). "A 27.5-My underlying periodicity detected in extinction episodes of non-marine tetrapods". Historical Biology. 33 (11): 3084–3090. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1849178.
- ^ Gillman, M.; Erenler, H. (2008). "The galactic cycle of extinction" (PDF). International Journal of Astrobiology. 7 (1): 17–26. Bibcode:2008IJAsB...7...17G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.384.9224. doi:10.1017/S1473550408004047. S2CID 31391193.
- ^ Overholt, Andrew C.; Melott, Adrian L.; Pohl, Martin (2009). "Testing the Link Between Terrestrial Climate Change and Galactic Spiral Arm Transit". The Astrophysical Journal. 705 (2): L101–L103. arXiv:0906.2777. Bibcode:2009ApJ...705L.101O. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/L101. S2CID 734824.
- ^ Leslie Mullen. "Getting WISE About Nemesis". Astrobiology Magazine. Archived from the original on 2010-03-14. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
- ^ Algeo, Thomas J; Shen, Jun (2023-09-08). "Theory and classification of mass extinction causation". National Science Review. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwad237. ISSN 2095-5138. PMC 10727847.
External links
edit- Napier and Clube's 1979 article "A Theory of Terrestrial Catastrophism"
- A description of the Shiva hypothesis by Michael Rampino Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
- Asteroid/Comet Impact Craters and Mass Extinctions and Shiva Hypothesis of Periodic Mass Extinctions Archived 2009-08-12 at the Wayback Machine, by Michael Paine
- The "Shiva Hypothesis": Impacts, Mass Extinctions, and the Galaxy, by Rampino and Haggerty
- The Shiva hypothesis: impacts, mass extinctions, and the Galaxy, by Rampino, M. R.
- The correlation between mas extinctions and impacts of near-Earth objects. The review of Shiva hypothesis, by Yang Su, Yi Xia and Yanan Zhang.