Wikipedia

Sholem Aleichem

This article is about the writer. For the greeting, see Shalom aleichem. For the Jewish hymn, see Shalom Aleichem (liturgy). For the crater on Mercury, see Sholem Aleichem (crater).

Solomon Naumovich Rabinovich (Russian: Соломон Наумович Рабинович; March 2 [O.S. February 18] 1859 – May 13, 1916), better known under his pen name Sholem Aleichem (Yiddish and Hebrew: שלום עליכם, also spelled שאָלעם־אלייכעם in Soviet Yiddish, [ˈʃɔləm aˈlɛjxəm]; Russian and Ukrainian: Шо́лом-Але́йхем), was a Yiddish author and playwright who lived in the Russian Empire and in the United States.[1] The 1964 musical Fiddler on the Roof, based on Aleichem's stories about Tevye the Dairyman, was the first commercially successful English-language stage production about Jewish life in Eastern Europe.

Sholem Aleichem
Sholem Aleichem in 1907
Sholem Aleichem in 1907
BornSolomon Rabinovich
March 2 [O.S. February 18] 1859
Pereiaslav, Poltava Governorate, Russian Empire
DiedMay 13, 1916(1916-05-13) (aged 57)
New York City, U.S.
Pen nameSholem Aleichem (Yiddish: שלום עליכם)
OccupationWriter
LanguageYiddish
GenreNovels, short stories, plays
Literary movementYiddish revival
Signature

The Hebrew phrase שלום עליכם (shalom aleichem) literally means "[May] peace [be] upon you!", and is a greeting in traditional Hebrew and Yiddish.[2]

Biography

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Sholem Aleichem in 1910

Solomon Naumovich (Sholom Nohumovich) Rabinovich (Russian: Соломо́н Нау́мович (Шо́лом Но́хумович) Рабино́вич) was born in 1859 in Pereiaslav and grew up in the nearby shtetl of Voronkiv, in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire (now in the Kyiv Oblast of central Ukraine).[3] (Voronkiv has become the prototype of Aleichem's Kasrilevka.[4]) His father, Menachem-Nukhem Rabinovich, was a rich merchant at that time.[5] However, a failed business affair plunged the family into poverty and Solomon Rabinovich grew up in reduced circumstances.[5] When he was 13 years old, the family moved back to Pereiaslav, where his mother, Chaye-Esther, died in a cholera epidemic.[6]

Sholem Aleichem's first venture into writing was an alphabetic glossary of the epithets used by his stepmother. At the age of fifteen, he composed a Jewish version of the novel Robinson Crusoe. He adopted the pseudonym Sholem Aleichem, a Yiddish variant of the Hebrew expression shalom aleichem, meaning "peace be with you" and typically used as a greeting.

In 1876, after graduating from school in Pereiaslav, he began to work as a teacher. During 1877-1880 in Sofijka village, Bohuslav region, he spent three years tutoring a wealthy landowner's daughter,[7] Olga (Hodel) Loev (1865–1942).[8] From 1880 to 1883 he served as crown rabbi in Lubny.[9]

On May 12, 1883, he and Olga married, against the wishes of her father, whose estate they inherited a few years later. Their first child, a daughter named Ernestina (Tissa), was born in 1884. In 1890, Sholem Aleichem lost their entire fortune in stock speculation and fled from his creditors.[10] Daughter Lyalya (Lili) was born in 1887. As Lyalya Kaufman, she became a Hebrew writer. (Lyalya's daughter Bel Kaufman, also a writer, was the author of Up the Down Staircase, which was also made into a successful film.) A third daughter, Emma, was born in 1888. In 1889, Olga gave birth to a son. They named him Elimelech, after Olga's father, but at home they called him Misha. Daughter Marusi (who would one day publish "My Father, Sholom Aleichem" under her married name Marie Waife-Goldberg) was born in 1892. A final child, a son named Nochum (Numa) after Solomon's father was born in 1901 (under the name Norman Raeben he became a painter and an influential art teacher).

After witnessing the pogroms that swept through southern Russian Empire in 1905, including Kiev, Sholem Aleichem left Kiev (which was fictionalized as Yehupetz) and emigrated to New York City, where he arrived in 1906. His family[clarification needed] set up house in Geneva, Switzerland, but when he saw he could not afford to maintain two households, he joined them in Geneva in 1908. Despite his great popularity, he was forced to take up an exhausting schedule of lecturing to make ends meet. In July 1908, during a reading tour in Russia, Sholem Aleichem collapsed on a train going through Baranowicze. He was diagnosed with a relapse of acute hemorrhagic tuberculosis and spent two months convalescing in the town's hospital. He later described the incident as "meeting his majesty, the Angel of Death, face to face", and claimed it as the catalyst for writing his autobiography, Funem yarid [From the Fair].[3] He thus missed the first Conference for the Yiddish Language, held in 1908 in Czernovitz; his colleague and fellow Yiddish activist Nathan Birnbaum went in his place.[11]

Sholem Aleichem spent the next four years living as a semi-invalid. During this period the family was largely supported by donations from friends and admirers (among his friends and acquaintances were fellow Yiddish authors I. L. Peretz, Jacob Dinezon, Mordecai Spector, and Noach Pryłucki). In 1909, in celebration of his 25th Jubilee as a writer, his friend and colleague Jacob Dinezon spearheaded a committee with Dr. Gershon Levine, Abraham Podlishevsky, and Noach Pryłucki to buy back the publishing rights to Sholem Aleichem’s works from various publishers for his sole use in order to provide him with a steady income.[12] At a time when Sholem Aleichem was ill and struggling financially, this proved to be an invaluable gift, and Sholem Aleichem expressed his gratitude in a thank you letter in which he wrote,

“If I tried to tell you a hundredth part of the way I feel about you, I know that that would be sheer profanation. If I am fated to live a few years longer than I have been expecting, I shall doubtless be able to say that it’s your fault, yours and that of all the other friends who have done so much to carry out your idea of ‘the redemption of the imprisoned.’”[13]

— Sholem Aleichem

Sholem Aleichem moved to New York City again with his family in 1914. The family lived at first in Harlem at 110 Lenox Avenue (at 116th Street) and later moved to 968 Kelly Street in the Bronx. His son, Misha, ill with tuberculosis, was not permitted entry under United States immigration laws and remained in Switzerland with his sister Emma.

Sholem Aleichem died at his Bronx apartment in 1916. He is buried in the main (old) section of Mount Carmel Cemetery in Queens, New York City.[14]

Literary career

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A volume of Sholem Aleichem stories in Yiddish, with the author's portrait and signature
 
Monument to Sholem Aleichem in Bohuslav, Ukraine

Like his contemporaries Mendele Mocher Sforim, I.L. Peretz, and Jacob Dinezon, Sholem Rabinovitch started writing in Hebrew, as well as in Russian. In 1883, when he was 24 years old, he published his first Yiddish story, צוויי שטיינער Tsvey Shteyner ("Two Stones"), using for the first time the pseudonym Sholem Aleichem.

By 1890 he was a central figure in Yiddish literature, the vernacular language of nearly all East European Jews, and produced over forty volumes in Yiddish. It was often derogatorily called "jargon", but Sholem Aleichem used this term in an entirely non-pejorative sense.

Apart from his own literary output, Sholem Aleichem used his personal fortune to encourage other Yiddish writers. In 1888–89, he put out two issues of an almanac, די ייִדישע פאָלקסביבליאָטעק Di Yidishe Folksbibliotek ("The Yiddish Public Library") which gave important exposure to young Yiddish writers.

In 1890, after he lost his entire fortune, he could not afford to print the almanac's third issue, which had been edited but was subsequently never printed.

Tevye the Dairyman, in Yiddish טבֿיה דער מילכיקער Tevye der Milchiker, was first published in 1894.

Over the next few years, while continuing to write in Yiddish, he also wrote in Russian for an Odesa newspaper and for Voskhod, the leading Russian Jewish publication of the time, as well as in Hebrew for Ha-melitz, and for an anthology edited by YH Ravnitzky. It was during this period that Sholem Aleichem contracted tuberculosis.

In August 1904, Sholem Aleichem edited הילף : א זאַמלבוך פיר ליטעראטור אונ קונסט Hilf: a Zaml-Bukh fir Literatur un Kunst ("Help: An Anthology for Literature and Art"; Warsaw, 1904) and himself translated three stories submitted by Tolstoy (Esarhaddon, King of Assyria; Work, Death and Sickness; The Three Questions) as well as contributions by other prominent Russian writers, including Chekhov, in aid of the victims of the Kishinev pogrom.

Critical reception

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Sholem Aleichem statue in Netanya, Israel

Sholem Aleichem's narratives were notable for the naturalness of his characters' speech and the accuracy of his descriptions of shtetl life. Early critics focused on the cheerfulness of the characters, interpreted as a way of coping with adversity. Later critics saw a tragic side in his writing.[15] He was often referred to as the "Jewish Mark Twain" because of the two authors' similar writing styles and use of pen names. Both authors wrote for adults and children and lectured extensively in Europe and the United States. When Twain heard of the writer called "the Jewish Mark Twain," he replied, "Please tell him that I am the American Sholem Aleichem."[16]

Beliefs and activism

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Sholem Aleichem was an impassioned advocate of Yiddish as a national Jewish language, which he felt should be accorded the same status and respect as other modern European languages. He did not stop with what came to be called "Yiddishism", but devoted himself to the cause of Zionism as well. Many of his writings[17] present the Zionist case. In 1888, he became a member of Hovevei Zion. In 1907, he served as an American delegate to the Eighth Zionist Congress held in The Hague.

Sholem Aleichem had a fear of the number 13. His manuscripts never had a page 13; he numbered the thirteenth pages of his manuscripts as 12a.[18] Though it has been written that even his headstone carries the date of his death as "May 12a, 1916",[19] his headstone reads the dates of his birth and death in Hebrew, the 26th of Adar and the 10th of Iyar, respectively.

Death

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Sholem Aleichem's funeral on May 15, 1916

Sholem Aleichem died in New York on May 13, 1916, from tuberculosis and diabetes,[20] aged 57, while working on his last novel, Motl, Peysi the Cantor's Son, and was buried at Old Mount Carmel cemetery in Queens.[21] At the time, his funeral was one of the largest in New York City history, with an estimated 100,000 mourners.[22][23] The next day, his will was printed in the New York Times and was read into the Congressional Record of the United States.

Commemoration and legacy

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Gravestone of Sholem Aleichem covered by dozens of visitation stones in Mount Carmel Cemetery.
 
A 1959 Soviet Union postage stamp commemorating the centennial of Sholem Aleichem's birth
 
Israeli postal stamp, 1959
 
Museum of Sholem Aleichem in Pereiaslav
 
A Ukrainian stamp and postal envelope commemorating his 150th birthday, 2009.

Sholem Aleichem's will contained detailed instructions to family and friends with regard to burial arrangements and marking his yahrtzeit.

He told his friends and family to gather, "read my will, and also select one of my stories, one of the very merry ones, and recite it in whatever language is most intelligible to you." "Let my name be recalled with laughter," he added, "or not at all." The celebrations continue to the present day, and, in recent years, have been held at the Brotherhood Synagogue on Gramercy Park South in New York City, where they are open to the public.[24]

He composed the text to be engraved on his tombstone in Yiddish, given here in transliteration:

In 1997, a monument dedicated to Sholem Aleichem was erected in Kyiv; another was erected in 2001 in Moscow.

The main street of Birobidzhan is named after Sholem Aleichem;[25] streets were named after him also in cities in Ukraine, including Kyiv, Odesa, Vinnytsia, Lviv, and Zhytomyr. In New York City in 1996, East 33rd Street between Park and Madison Avenue is additionally named "Sholem Aleichem Place". Many streets in Israel are named after him.

Postage stamps of Sholem Aleichem were issued by Israel (Scott #154, 1959); the Soviet Union (Scott #2164, 1959); Romania (Scott #1268, 1959); and Ukraine (Scott #758, 2009).

An impact crater on the planet Mercury also bears his name.[26]

On March 2, 2009, 150 years after his birth, the National Bank of Ukraine issued an anniversary coin depicting and celebrating Aleichem.[27]

Vilnius, Lithuania has a Jewish school named after him and in Melbourne, Australia a Yiddish school, Sholem Aleichem College is named after him.[28] Several Jewish schools in Argentina were also named after him.[citation needed]

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil a library named BIBSA – Biblioteca Sholem Aleichem was founded in 1915 as a Zionist institution by a local Jewish group. Next year, in 1916, the same group that created BIBSA founded a Jewish school named Escola Sholem Aleichem; it closed in 1997. BIBSA had a very active theatrical program in Yiddish for more than 50 years since its foundation and consistently performed Sholem Aleichem plays. In 1947 BIBSA became Associação Sholem Aleichem, under which name it continues to exist. Both the library and club became communist institutions due to a normal transition of power in the founding group, although non-communist members left to found their own school, Colégio Eliezer Steinbarg, in 1956. It is named after the first director of Escola Sholem Aleichem, a Jewish writer born in Romania who immigrated to Brazil.[29][30]

In the Bronx, New York, a housing complex called The Shalom Aleichem Houses[31] was built by Yiddish speaking immigrants in the 1920s, and was recently restored by new owners to its original grandeur. The Shalom Alecheim Houses are part of a proposed historic district in the area.

On May 13, 2016, a Sholem Aleichem website was launched to mark the 100th anniversary of Sholem Aleichem's death.[32] The website is a partnership between Sholem Aleichem's family,[33] his biographer Professor Jeremy Dauber,[34] Citizen Film, Columbia University's Center for Israel and Jewish Studies,[35] The Covenant Foundation, and The Yiddish Book Center.[36] The website features interactive maps and timelines,[37] recommended readings,[38] as well as a list of centennial celebration events taking place worldwide.[39] The website also features resources for educators.[40][41][42]

Hertz Grosbard recited many of his works in so called "word concerts". A reading in Yiddish of his monologue If I Were a Rothschild and several others can be found on the Grosbard Project.

The writer's brother, Wolf Rabinovich, published the memoir "My Brother Sholom Aleichem" in Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, in 1939.[43]

Sholem Aleichem's granddaughter, Bel Kaufman, by his daughter Lala (Lyalya), was an American author, most widely known for her novel, Up the Down Staircase, published in 1964, which was adapted to the stage and also made into a motion picture in 1967, starring Sandy Dennis.

Published works

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Portrait bust of Sholem Aleichem (1859-1916) sculpted by Mitchell Fields

English-language collections

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  • Tevye's Daughters: Collected Stories of Sholom Aleichem by Sholem Aleichem, transl Frances Butwin, illus Ben Shahn, NY: Crown, 1949. The stories which form the basis for Fiddler on the Roof.
  • The Best of Sholom Aleichem, edited by R. Wisse, I. Howe (originally published 1979), Walker and Co., 1991, ISBN 0-8027-2645-3.
  • Tevye the Dairyman and the Railroad Stories, translated by H. Halkin (originally published 1987), Schocken Books, 1996, ISBN 0-8052-1069-5.
  • Nineteen to the Dozen: Monologues and Bits and Bobs of Other Things, translated by Ted Gorelick, Syracuse Univ Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8156-0477-7.
  • A Treasury of Sholom Aleichem Children's Stories, translated by Aliza Shevrin, Jason Aronson, 1996, ISBN 1-56821-926-1.
  • Inside Kasrilovka, Three Stories, translated by I. Goldstick, Schocken Books, 1948 (variously reprinted)
  • The Old Country, translated by Julius & Frances Butwin, J B H of Peconic, 1999, ISBN 1-929068-21-2.
  • Stories and Satires, translated by Curt Leviant, Sholom Aleichem Family Publications, 1999, ISBN 1-929068-20-4.
  • Selected Works of Sholem-Aleykhem, edited by Marvin Zuckerman & Marion Herbst (Volume II of "The Three Great Classic Writers of Modern Yiddish Literature"), Joseph Simon Pangloss Press, 1994, ISBN 0-934710-24-4.
  • Some Laughter, Some Tears, translated by Curt Leviant, Paperback Library, 1969, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68–25445.

Autobiography

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  • פונעם יאריד Funem yarid, written 1914–1916, translated as The Great Fair by Tamara Kahana, Noonday Press, 1955; translated by Curt Leviant as From the Fair, Viking, 1986, ISBN 0-14-008830-X.

Novels

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  • Stempenyu: A Jewish Novel, originally published in his Folksbibliotek, adapted 1905 for the play Jewish Daughters.
  • Yossele Solovey (1889, published in his Folksbibliotek)
  • Tevye's Daughters, translated by F. Butwin (originally published 1949), Crown, 1959, ISBN 0-517-50710-2.
  • Mottel the Cantor's son. Originally written in Yiddish. English version: Henry Schuman, Inc. New York 1953, Translated by Tamara Kahana (6a), the author's grand daughter.
  • In The Storm
  • Wandering Stars
  • Marienbad, translated by Aliza Shevrin (1982, G.P. Putnam Sons, New York) from original Yiddish manuscript copyrighted by Olga Rabinowitz in 1917
  • The Bloody Hoax
  • Menahem-Mendl, translated as The Adventures of Menahem-Mendl, translated by Tamara Kahana, Sholom Aleichem Family Publications, 1969, ISBN 1-929068-02-6.
  • Moshkeleh Ganev, translated as Moshkeleh the Thief, translated by Curt Leviant, University of Nebraska Press, 2021, ISBN 978-0-8276-1515-1.

Young adult literature

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  • The Bewitched Tailor, Sholom Aleichem Family Publications, 1999, ISBN 1-929068-19-0.

Plays

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  • The Doctor (1887), one-act comedy
  • Der get (The Divorce, 1888), one-act comedy
  • Di asife (The Assembly, 1889), one-act comedy
  • Mazel Tov (1889), one-act play
  • Yaknez (1894), a satire on brokers and speculators
  • Tsezeyt un tseshpreyt (Scattered Far and Wide, 1903), comedy
  • Agentn (Agents, 1908), one-act comedy
  • Yidishe tekhter (Jewish Daughters, 1905) drama, adaptation of his early novel Stempenyu
  • Di goldgreber (The Golddiggers, 1907), comedy
  • Shver tsu zayn a yid (It's Hard to be a Jew / If I Were You, 1914)
  • Dos groyse gevins (The Big Lottery / The Jackpot, 1916)
  • Tevye der milkhiker, (Tevye the Milkman, 1917, performed posthumously)

Stage

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  • "The World of Sholom Aleichem

Television

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"The World of Sholom Aleichem"

Airdate: December 14, 1959 [2]

Channel: WNTA-TV Channel 13, New York City

Included 3 short tele-plays:

  • "A Tale of Chelm" a folktale (author unknown)
  • "Bontche Schweig" by I.L. Peretz
  • "The High School" (aka "Gymnasium") by Sholem Aleichem.

Starring:

Miscellany

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  • Jewish Children, translated by Hannah Berman, William Morrow & Co, 1987, ISBN 0-688-84120-1.
  • numerous stories in Russian, published in Voskhod (1891–1892)

See also

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  • 1918 film: "Bloody Joke" (Кровавая шутка), based on the works of Sholem Aleichem, by director and screenwriter Alexander Arkatov

References

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  1. ^ "Heroes – Trailblazers of the Jewish People". Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
  2. ^ The Arabic cognate is السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ‎ [ʔæs.sæˈlæːmu ʕæˈlæjkʊm] (As-salamu alaykum).
  3. ^ a b Potok, Chaim (July 14, 1985). "The Human Comedy Of Pereyaslav". New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2008. Approaching his 50th birthday, the Yiddish writer Sholom Aleichem (born Sholom Rabinowitz in the Ukraine in 1859) collapsed in Russia while on a reading tour. He was diagnosed as suffering from tuberculosis. As he put it later, 'I had the privilege of meeting his majesty, the Angel of Death, face to face.'
  4. ^ Shalom Aleichem (1859 - 1916), Jewish Virtual Library
  5. ^ a b "Aleichem", Jewish virtual library (biography).
  6. ^ Aleichem, Sholem (1985), "34. Cholera", From the Fair, Viking Penguin, pp. 100–4.
  7. ^ Poberezhka-Sofijka villages. 24.04.2016.(in Ukr.)
  8. ^ Dates on base of Rabinowitz's gravestone.
  9. ^ Kaplan Appel, Tamar (August 3, 2010). "Crown Rabbi". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300119039. OCLC 170203576. Archived from the original on March 27, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Huttner, Jan Lisa (September 18, 2014). Tevye's Daughters: No Laughing Matter. New York City, NY: FF2 Media. ASIN B00NQDQCTG. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  11. ^ First Yiddish Language Conference. Two roads to Yiddishism (Nathan Birnbaum and Sholem Aleichem) by Louis Fridhandler
  12. ^ Guide to the Sutzkever Kaczerginski Collection, Part II: Collection of Literary and Historical Manuscripts RG 223.2, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, [1]
  13. ^ Sholom Aleichem Panorama, I. D. Berkowitz, translator, M. W. (Melech) Grafstein, editor and publisher, (London, Ontario, Canada: The Jewish Observer, 1948), pp. 343-344
  14. ^ Wilson, Scott (August 22, 2016). Resting places: the burial sites of more than 14,000 famous persons (Third ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina. p. 14. ISBN 978-0786479924. Retrieved January 22, 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ "Sholom Aleichem Aleichem, Sholom – Essay – eNotes.com". eNotes. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  16. ^ Levy, Richard S. Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO 2005 sv Twain; cites Kahn 1985 p 24
  17. ^ Oyf vos badarfn Yidn a land, (Why Do the Jews Need a Land of Their Own? Archived March 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine), translated by Joseph Leftwich and Mordecai S. Chertoff, Cornwall Books, 1984, ISBN 0-8453-4774-8
  18. ^ "A Reading to Recall the Father of Tevye", Clyde Haberman, New York Times, May 17, 2010
  19. ^ Hendrickson, Robert (1990). World Literary Anecdotes. New York, New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 7. ISBN 0-8160-2248-8.
  20. ^ Donaldson, Norman and Betty (1980). How Did They Die?. Greenwich House. ISBN 0-517-40302-1.
  21. ^ Mount Carmel cemetery Archived June 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ "Vast Crowds Honor Sholem Aleichem; Funeral Cortege Of Yiddish Author Greeted By Throngs In Three Boroughs. Many Deliver Eulogies Services At Educational Alliance Include Reading Of Writer's Will And His Epitaph". New York Times. May 16, 1916. Retrieved April 20, 2008. A hundred thousand people of the East Side, with sadness in their faces, lined the sidewalks yesterday when the funeral procession of Sholem Aleichem ("peace be with you"), the famous Yiddish humorist, whose real name was Solomon Rabinowitz, passed down Second Avenue and through East Houston. Eldridge, and Canal Streets, to the Educational Alliance, where services were held before the body was carried over the Williamsburg Bridge to ...
  23. ^ "2,500 Jews Mourn Sholem Aleichem; "Plain People" Honor Memory Of "Jewish Mark Twain" In Carnegie Hall. Some Of His Stories Read Audience Laughs Through Tears, Just As The Author Had Said He Hoped Friends Would Do". New York Times. May 18, 1916. Retrieved April 20, 2008. More than 2,500 Jews paid honor to the memory of Sholem Aleichem, the "Mark Twain, who depicted in a style almost epic" the spirit of his race, at a "mourning evening" in Carnegie Hall last night.
  24. ^ Haberman, Clyde. A Reading to Recall the Father of Tevye. The New York Times. May 17, 2010.
  25. ^ Raskin, Rebecca. "Back to Birobidjan". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  26. ^ MESSENGER: MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging Archived September 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Events by themes: To 150th years from the birthday of Sholom-Aleichem NBU issued an anniversary coin, UNIAN photo service (March 2, 2009)
  28. ^ "Sholem Aleichem College". www.sholem.vic.edu.au. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  29. ^ "Eliezer Max". www.eliezermax.com.br. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  30. ^ "Colégio Liessin". Colégio Liessin. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  31. ^ "SHALOM ALEICHEM HOUSES – Historic Districts Council's Six to Celebrate". www.6tocelebrate.org. August 13, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  32. ^ "The Ethical Will". Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  33. ^ "Sholom Aleichem: The Next Generation". May 16, 2003. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  34. ^ Raphael, Frederic (December 20, 2013). "Book Review: 'The Worlds of Sholem Aleichem' by Jeremy Dauber". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 12, 2017 – via www.wsj.com.
  35. ^ "The Institute for Israel and Jewish Studies". Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2007.
  36. ^ "About this site" Sholem Aleichem. sholemaleichem.org. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  37. ^ "Life & Times – Sholem Aleichem". Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  38. ^ "Recommended Reading – Sholem Aleichem". Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  39. ^ "Events – Sholem Aleichem". Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  40. ^ "Student Activities – Sholem Aleichem". Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  41. ^ "Syllabi – Sholem Aleichem". Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  42. ^ "Call to Action – Sholem Aleichem". Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  43. ^ Wolf Rabinovich, Mayn Bruder Sholem Aleykhem, Kiev, Melukhe-farlag, 1939

Further reading

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  • My Father, Sholom Aleichem, by Marie Waife-Goldberg
  • Tradition!: The Highly Improbable, Ultimately Triumphant Broadway-to-Hollywood Story of Fiddler on the Roof, the World's Most Beloved Musical, by Barbara Isenberg, (St. Martin's Press, 2014.)
  • Liptzin, Sol, A History of Yiddish Literature, Jonathan David Publishers, Middle Village, NY, 1972, ISBN 0-8246-0124-6. 66 et. seq.
  • A Bridge of Longing, by David G. Roskies
  • The World of Sholom Aleichem, by Maurice Samuel
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