The short ballot movement was a progressive era movement to reduce the number of local elected officials in the United States. The reformers advocated only high-profile "top of the ticket" positions should be elected, with all other officials being appointed.
Historical Context
editThe United States has a high number of elected positions. The number of elected officials at the state and local level increased towards middle of the 19th century with the growth of Jacksonian democracy.[1] Making these positions elected was a reform designed to decrease the spoils system of partisan appointments and increase government accountability to the people.
The increasing list of positions resulted in the "long ballot". For example, by 1911 a voter in Cleveland, Ohio would be deciding on 74 different elected offices for state, county, and city on the same ballot every two years.[2] Critics argued that these officials performed obscure roles in government and resulted in voter apathy. The average voter could not make an informed decision on each individual appearing on the ballot. Long ballots contributed to citizens not voting, voting randomly, or voting on purely partisan lines. This had the effect of decreasing government effectiveness and accountability.[3]
Short terms of office common at the time, normally only one or two years, made the problem worse. A common additional reform was to increase the length of terms of office of elected officials and stagger elections. The reform was also frequently combined with strengthening the power of the state governor and the streamlining of state government into executive departments.
National Short Ballot Organization
The National Short Ballot Organization was founded to advance the cause. The organization's president and leading national advocate was US President Woodrow Wilson, and its leadership included noted progressive like Winston Churchill (the American novelist), Henry Jones Ford, Ben B Lindsey, John Ames Mitchell, William U'Ren, and William Allen White.[4]
Presidential short ballot
editThe most successful aspect of the movement was the adoption of the short ballot for presidential elections. Due to the electoral college in the United States voters do not directly vote for President and Vice President but instead vote for electors. The names of the electors are no longer printed on the ballot for presidential elections in a presidential short ballot, the presidential candidate's name is a short form for picking the electors that have been decided by party officials.[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Thompson, William (1974). "Should We Elect or Appoint State Government Executives? Some New Data Concerning State Attorneys General". Midwest Review of Public Administration. 8: 17–41. doi:10.1177/027507407400800102. S2CID 153409774. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
- ^ "Image 9 of The need of a short ballot in Ohio;". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
- ^ Childs, Richard S. (1916-03-01). "The Short Ballot Movement and Simplified Politics". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 64 (1): 168–171. doi:10.1177/000271621606400118. ISSN 0002-7162. S2CID 144827717.
- ^ National Short Ballot Association (1900). The short ballot and the "Invisible Government" by Elihu Root. Robarts - University of Toronto. New York.
- ^ Albright, Spencer D. (October 1940). "The Presidential Short Ballot". American Political Science Review. 34 (5): 955–959. doi:10.2307/1949218. ISSN 1537-5943. JSTOR 1949218. S2CID 146952353.