In molecular biology, the Shroom protein family is a small group of related proteins that are defined by sequence similarity and in most cases by some link to the actin cytoskeleton. The Shroom (Shrm) protein family is found only in animals. Proteins of this family are predicted to be utilised in multiple morphogenic and developmental processes across animal phyla to regulate cells shape or intracellular architecture in an actin and myosin-dependent manner.[1] While the founding member of the Shrm family is Shrm1 (formerly Apx), it appears that this protein is found only in Xenopus.[2] In mice and humans, the Shrm family of proteins consists of:

ASD1
Identifiers
SymbolASD1
PfamPF08688
InterProIPR014800
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary
ASD2
Identifiers
SymbolASD2
PfamPF08687
InterProIPR014799
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary

This protein family is based on the conservation of a specific arrangement of an N-terminal PDZ domain, a centrally positioned sequence motif termed ASD1 (Apx/Shrm Domain 1) and a C-terminal motif termed ASD2.[1][2][3] Shrm2 and Shrm3 contain all three domains, while Shrm4 contains the PDZ and ASD2 domains, but lacks a discernible ASD1 element. To date, the ASD1 and ASD2 elements have only been found in Shrm-related proteins and do not appear in combination with other conserved domains. ASD1 is required for targeting actin, while ASD2 is capable of eliciting an actomyosin based constriction event.[1][2] ASD2 is the most highly conserved sequence element shared by Shrm1, Shrm2, Shrm3, and Shrm4. It possesses a well conserved series of leucine residues that exhibit spacing consistent with that of a leucine zipper motif.[1]

Shroom2 is both necessary and sufficient to govern the localization of pigment granules at the apical surface of epithelial cells. Shroom2 is a central regulator of RPE pigmentation. Despite their diverse biological roles, Shroom family proteins share a common activity. Since the locus encoding human SHROOM2 lies within the critical region for two distinct forms of ocular albinism, it is possible that SHROOM2 mutations may contribute to human visual system disorders.[4]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Dietz ML, Bernaciak TM, Vendetti F, Kielec JM, Hildebrand JD (July 2006). "Differential actin-dependent localization modulates the evolutionarily conserved activity of Shroom family proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (29): 20542–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.M512463200. PMID 16684770.
  2. ^ a b c Yoder M, Hildebrand JD (January 2007). "Shroom4 (Kiaa1202) is an actin-associated protein implicated in cytoskeletal organization". Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton. 64 (1): 49–63. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.521.7263. doi:10.1002/cm.20167. PMID 17009331.
  3. ^ Hildebrand JD, Soriano P (November 1999). "Shroom, a PDZ domain-containing actin-binding protein, is required for neural tube morphogenesis in mice". Cell. 99 (5): 485–97. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81537-8. PMID 10589677. S2CID 17185521.
  4. ^ Fairbank PD, Lee C, Ellis A, Hildebrand JD, Gross JM, Wallingford JB (October 2006). "Shroom2 (APXL) regulates melanosome biogenesis and localization in the retinal pigment epithelium". Development. 133 (20): 4109–18. doi:10.1242/dev.02563. PMID 16987870.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR014799