Shternberg is a surname, a variant of Sternberg, either a Yiddish spelling or a transliteration from Russian. Notable people with this surname include:
- Lev Shternberg (1861-1927), Russian and Soviet ethnographer
- Pavel Shternberg (1865-1920), Russian astronomer, Bolshevik and revolutionary
- Yankev Shternberg (1890-1973), Russian and Soviet Yiddish theater director