Sidymella angularis (also known as the common square-ended crab spider), is a species of crab spider endemic to New Zealand.
| Sidymella angularis | |
|---|---|
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| Sidymella angularis, Great Barrier Island | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Thomisidae |
| Genus: | Sidymella |
| Species: | S. angularis
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| Binomial name | |
| Sidymella angularis | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Like all thomisid spiders, this species does not make a web, but lies in wait for prey to appear nearby. It eats insects, or occasionally other small spiders. It lives in leaf litter on the forest floor or in low vegetation. A closely-related and similar species S. angulata has the same range and habitat.[2]
Taxonomy
editThe species was first described by in 1885 by Urquhart in the genus Sparassus.[3] It was placed in the genus Sidyma by Bryant in 1933;[4] however, it was discovered that a genus of moths had already been called Sidyma, so in 1942 Strand provided the replacement name Sidymella.[5] It is a member of the subfamily Stephanopinae in the family Thomisidae.[6]
Appearance
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Sidymella angularis is one of the square-ended crab spiders. These spiders have a trapezoidal abdomen, giving them a truncated appearance.[7] This species can occur in a variety of colours including shades of grey, yellow and brown, and has a gnarled body texture.[8] It can be distinguished from the related Sidymella angulata by the presence of two longitudinal ridges on the cephalothorax. These are absent in S. angulata, which also has a large socketed forward-pointing spine on the femur of the first leg.[6]
Behaviour
editSquare-ended crab spiders, including S. angularis, can use thanatosis (playing dead) to avoid predators. Their colouring and texture help create the appearance of a fragment of bark or debris, but after dropping to the ground on a dragline, they often end up upside down. In New Zealand Spiders and their Worldwide Kin, husband and wife spider experts Ray and Lyn Forster describe how a square-ended crab spider can turn itself the right way up by pushing with its legs and using the square-end of the abdomen as a pivot point.[7]
Like other New Zealand thomisids, S. angularis is an ambush predator rather than a snare builder.[9] It lies in wait, using its powerful front legs to grab prey before delivering a bite. These legs are armed with spines that prevent prey escaping.[6]
Their flat-looking egg sacs are often laid on the underside of dead leaves, with females frequently standing guard.[7]
Distribution
editSidymella angularis is only found in New Zealand. It is the commonest of New Zealand's square-ended crab spiders, and is found from Northland to Stewart Island. It occurs in habitat ranging from suburban gardens to native bush, and is often found on ferns, particularly on tree trunks, dead ferns, and in leaf litter.[6]
Phylogenetics
editA preliminary phylogenetic analysis suggests New Zealand stephanopines including S. angularis diverged from their Australian relatives approximately five million years ago.[10]
Conservation status and threats
editSidymella angularis is listed as Not Threatened as of 2020, under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[11]
References
edit- ^ a b "Taxon details Sidymella angularis (Urquhart, 1885)", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2024-04-24
- ^ Vink, Cor (2015). A photographic guide to spiders of New Zealand. Auckland: New Holland. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-86966-403-9.
- ^ Urquhart, A. T. (1885). "On the spiders of New Zealand". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 17: 31–53 – via PapersPast.
- ^ Bryant, E.B. (1933). "Notes on types of Urquhart's spiders". Records of the Canterbury Museum. 4: 1–27.
- ^ Strand, E. (1942), "Miscellanea nomenclatorica zoologica et palaeontologica. X", Folia Zoologica et Hydrobiologica, 11: 386–402
- ^ a b c d Sirvid, Philip John (2014-01-01). The taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the New Zealand Thomisidae (Arachnida: Araneae) (Thesis). Open Access Repository Victoria University of Wellington.
- ^ a b c Forster, Raymond Robert; Forster, Lyndsay McLaren (1999-01-01). Spiders of New Zealand and their Worldwide Kin. Otago University Press, Otago Museum.
- ^ "Square-ended crab spiders". collections.tepapa.govt.nz. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
- ^ "Square ended crab spider". Manaaki Whenua. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
- ^ Sirvid, Philip John; Moore, Nicole E.; Chambers, Geoff; Prendergast, Kelly (2013-01-01). "A preliminary molecular analysis of phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of New Zealand Thomisidae (Araneae) using a multi-locus approach". Invertebrate Systematics. 27 (6): 655. doi:10.1071/IS13025.
- ^ P J Sirvid; C J Vink; B M Fitzgerald; M D Wakelin; J Rolfe; P Michel (2020). "Conservation status of New Zealand Araneae (spiders), 2020" (PDF). New Zealand Threat Classification Series. 34: 1–37. ISSN 2324-1713. Wikidata Q108145483. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2021.
Gallery
edit- Variation in colour of S. angularis
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External links
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- Sidymella angularis discussed on RNZ Critter of the Week, 26 April 2024.