The siege of Beirut was an event in the aftermath of the First Crusade. The coastal city of Beirut was captured from the Fatimids by the forces of Baldwin I of Jerusalem on 13 May 1110, with the assistance of Bertrand of Toulouse and a Genoese fleet.[1]
| Siege of Beirut | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Crusades | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Toulouse Republic of Genoa Republic of Pisa |
 Fatimid Caliphate | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Baldwin I of Jerusalem Bertrand of Toulouse | Governor of Beirut | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
Unknown number of Crusaders Twenty-two Genovese galleys | Unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
Background
editBy 1101, the Crusaders had controlled the southern ports including Jaffa, Haifa, Arsuf and Caesarea, hence they managed to cut off the northern ports including Beirut from Fatimid support by land. In addition, the Fatimids had to disperse their forces including 2,000 soldiers and 20 ships in each of the remaining ports, until the main support could arrive from Egypt. Beginning on 15 February 1102, the Crusaders began harassing Beirut, until the Fatimid army arrived in early May.[2]
In late autumn 1102, ships carrying Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land were forced by storm to land in the vicinity of Ascalon, Sidon and Tyre. The pilgrims were either slain or taken as slaves to Egypt. Hence, controlling the ports became urgent for the safety of pilgrims, in addition to the arrival of men and supply from Europe.[3]
Siege
editBy February 1110, the Genoese and Pisan ships started to blockade the harbour, Fatimid ships from Tyre and Sidon tried in vain to break the blockade. In the meantime, the Beirut's defenders destroyed one siege tower, but the attackers managed to build another two to storm the walls.[4]
Jacques de Vitry, a historian of the Crusades, reported:[5]
Our people lay siege to Beyrout both by sea and land, and being joined by Bertram, the noble count of Tripoli, after a two months' siege, having brought wooden towers up to the walls and joined them to the walls by ladders, forced their way into the city, and slew many of the citizens, cast the rest into chains and held them captive . . . Beyrout is a city on the seashore between Sidon and Biblium in the country of Phoenicia ... it is fertile and fair, with fruit trees, woods and vineyards.
Moreover, William of Tyre wrote that Baldwin and Bertrand ordered galleys from the nearby controlled ports to blockade Beirut, while constructing all siege towers, ladders, bridges and catapults from the pine trees in the neighborhood. The defenders had to defend the walls with no rest by day and by night for two months, until some crusaders managed to leap over the walls to open the gates for the attackers. With the gates being open, the inhabitants escaped to the port, yet the blockade forced them to retreat, hence they became trapped between two enemies.[5]
However, the Fatimid governor fled by night through the Italian fleet to Cyprus. On 13 May 1110, Baldwin captured the city by assault after a seventy-five-day siege. The Italians conducted a massacre among the inhabitants,[6][7] in which 20,000 Arabs might have been possibly killed by the attackers in Beirut.[8]
Aftermath
editAfter the fall of Beirut, Baldwin celebrated Pentecost in Jerusalem,[9] then he hurried along with Bertrand to the County of Edessa to fight against Mawdud's invasion.[10][11] By the end of the year, Baldwin captured Sidon with assistance from Sigurd I of Norway.
References
edit- ^ Barber 2012, p. 93.
- ^ Rose 2017, p. [page needed].
- ^ Jidejian 1973, p. 82.
- ^ Rogers 1997, p. 75.
- ^ a b Jidejian 1973, p. 83.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 74.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, p. 81.
- ^ Shotten-Hallel 2021, p. 62.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 99.
- ^ Lock 2006, p. 31.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 116.
Sources
edit- Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Crusader States. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9.
- Jidejian, Nina (1973). Beirut Through the Ages. Dar el-Machreq.
- Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 9-78-0-415-39312-6.
- Maalouf, Amin (1984). The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. SAQI. ISBN 978-0-86356-023-1. (registration required)
- Rogers, Randall (1997). Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780191591815.
- Rose, Susan (2017). Medieval Ships and Warfare. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351918497.
- Runciman, Steven (1989) [1952]. A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-06162-9. (registration required)
- Shotten-Hallel, Vardit R. (2021). Gil Fishhof; Judith Bronstein (eds.). Settlement and Crusade in the Thirteenth Century: Multidisciplinary Studies of the Latin East. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780429515712.