The Siege of Itzehoe was initiated by Sweden on 6 August, 1657, while chasing the retreating Danish army after the failed campaign in Bremen-Verden. Charles X Gustav, the king of Sweden, ordered the town to be bombarded into submission, which unintentionally led to massive fires breaking out in the city, forcing the defenders to capitulate unconditionally on 10 August.
| Siege of Itzehoe | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658) | |||||||||
 Depiction of the siege by Erik Dahlbergh | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Swedish Empire |
 Denmark–Norway | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Charles X Gustav Nils Brahe Erik Dahlbergh | Unknown | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
 Uppland Regiment |
Itzehoe garrison | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown | 300 men | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 3 killed | Heavy | ||||||||
Background
editAlready before operations had ended in Bremen, the Swedish army began advancing northwards. Initially, the Swedes didnt encounter any retreating Danes, aside from undefended sconces, small towns, and people who retreated too slowly or were unwilling to do so, thus being quickly taken as prisoners of war on the way.[1]
Siege
editOn 6 August, the Swedish army reached Itzehoe, which was not only defended but also well situated, or rather hard to access. The outerworks were large, and were meant to defend an army camp. However, this would not happen, and thus they were undefended, with these being captured by the Uppland Regiment led by Nils Brahe.[2][3] However, the town itself was situated on an island in the middle of a river, thus being completely surrounded by water. The 300 Danish soldiers that defended the town, noticing the situation, treaded with caution.[1][4]
As usual, without time for a prolonged siege, King Charles ordered the town to be bombarded into submission. Such bombardments, usually targetted at civilian populations and their houses, had been tested by the Swedes during the Deluge, most recently during a Swedish attack on Brzesc. The Swedish gunners were also known for their skills pertaining to firing incendiary cannon balls, which were cheap but effective. To put further pressure on the defenders, the king ordered that the town be bombarded with explosive rounds aswell.[5]
The Swedish cannons were put north of Itzehoe, and Erik Dahlbergh was ordered to oversee a heavy 280-pound mortar, which was placed at the bottom of a hill, near a road. Erik was also agitated, since he had previously nearly been struck by a cannonball fired from the defenders. The idea for the mortar was that its round should explode just as it reached its destination, but this would not happen. Instead, when the fuse was ignited, there was a bright flash, with a sharp and loud bang, and the shell had detonated inside the barrel of the mortar. It was reported as the following:[6]
blev tre stycken döda, fyrverkaren blesserad, och den som tände på granaten föll neder till jorden, och blodet rann igenom mun, näsa, ögon och lron, dock beskyddade den Högstes mäktiga arm mig och denna gången för olycka.
However, such accidents were very ordinary, and the rest of the bombardment continued as normal. Within an hour, the Swedish incendiary and explosive rounds had started a "terrible fire" which soon spread rapidly over all parts of Itzehoe, new and old. Soon, the entire town was burning, with flames and smoke everywhere. The river, which had once provided protection for the citizens, now became their fate. Many people, now without a way to escape, seeked refuge in the town's fortifications. The Swedish soldiers reported that they were able to see half-naked people running along the ramparts, where they attempted to protect themsleves from the fire by covering themselves in dirt. The exact amount dead is unknown, but it was "many".
Inbetween the burning houses and smoking ruins, the Swedish cavalry sprung forward, capturing the undefended fortifications in the north and west. On the same day, 8 August, the Danes retreated from two nearby sconces, Kreuzchanze, situated by Heiligenstedten and the Krummerdeichschanze, which were immediately conquered by the Swedes.[4]
On August 11, the defenders abandoned the ruins of the town, where only 12 houses had survived, and fled across a bridge leading them southeast.[6] The retreat had the consequence of removing the last Danes from Holstein.[2]
Aftermath
editThe person who received the task to lead the destruction of Itzehoes outerworks was Erik Dahlbergh. The destruction work made thousands of soldiers work for two days straight, and then went to chase the retreating Danes more.[7][4]
References
edit- ^ a b Englund 2000, p. 497.
- ^ a b Isacson 2015, p. 112.
- ^ Wittrock, Georg. "Nils Brahe". sok.riksarkivet.se. National Archives of Sweden. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
Hans regemente räknade då enligt hans egen uppgift ej mer än 380 man. Med denna skara var han den förste, som fattade posto framför Itzehoe, anlade löpgravar och på ljusa dagen jagade fienden ner dess raveliner.
- ^ a b c Bonnesen 1924, p. 272.
- ^ Englund 2000, pp. 497–498.
- ^ a b Englund 2000, p. 498.
- ^ Englund 2000, p. 499.
Works cited
edit- Englund, Peter (2000). Den oövervinnerlige: om den svenska stormaktstiden och en man i dess mitt [The invincible: about the era of Swedish great power and a man in its midst] (in Swedish). Atlantis. ISBN 9789174869996.
- Isacson, Claes-Göran (2015). Karl X Gustavs krig: Fälttågen i Polen, Tyskland, Baltikum, Danmark och Sverige 1655-1660 [Wars of Charles X Gustav: The campaigns in Poland, Germany, the Baltics, Denmark and Sweden 1655-1660] (in Swedish). Historiska Media. ISBN 9789175450117.
- Bonnesen, Sten (1924). Karl X Gustav [Charles X Gustav] (in Swedish). Gleerups.