The siege of Kanizsa took place during the Habsburg offensive in Hungary after the Battle of Vienna. The 60,000-strong Habsburg–Hungarian army captured the castle on April 13, and the defenders were assured a safe retreat.
| Siege of Kanizsa | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Great Turkish War | |||||||
 Reconquest of Hungary | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Habsburg Monarchy.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Hungary |
 Ottoman Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Adam II. Batthyány Donat John | Bekri Mustafa Pasha | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 60,000 | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Heavy | ||||||
Background
edit Kanizsa Castle was a very important place during the Ottoman-Habsburg wars because it was located on the borders of the Southern Trans-Danubian region. The castle was captured during the Long Turkish War by the Turks after which it was made the center of a vilayet. Kanizsa served as a rallying point for raids and armed forays into Habsburg territories These raids were part of the Ottoman tactic of conquest first destroying the local infrastructure and then conquering the weakened territory.
During the Austro-Turkish war of 1663–1664, Austrian troops tried unsuccessfully to retake the fortress, but through poor supplies and lack of help from the Emperor, the Christian forces under Miklos Zrinyi had to retreat. The Viennese Military Council began to discuss the retaking of Kanizsa after 1689. They did not want to lose many soldiers so they decided to starve the castle out. The Emperor sent General Donat John and Ádám Batthyány, Chief Captain of the Trans Danubian Region, along with Colonel István Zichy and Colonel János Inkey against Kanizsa in January 1690.[1] They had about 60,000 men under their command. They took the smaller fortifications around Kanizsa, then the blockade began.[2]
Siege
editSoon after the blockade was established, the Ottoman garrison began to starve, so they sent envoys to the Pasha of Bosnia Gazi Topal Husein Pasha who was supposed to provide them with reinforcements, however, the Christian forces intercepted them which gave them a better idea of the situation in the Ottoman ranks. Batthyany wrote a letter to the Turks in which he described the numerical superiority of the forces besieging the castle and offered them surrender.[3]
Yet the Turks did not agree to the given terms and responded to the Austrians with artillery fire. However, the situation of the Turks was hopeless, as the Austrians found out shortly afterwards when another messenger named Hussein was tried to be sent from Kanizsa with a request for reinforcements, he was also intercepted, in the letter the Turks announced that Kanizsa without military support would fall before Easter, Hussein, however, remained faithful and did not reveal any details for which he paid with his life. Hussein's head was cut off and impaled on a stake with the following script on it:[2]
“You, Agha of Kanizsa had sent me out to bring help to this besieged castle. As I could not find any help on this Earth, I left for the other world to seek it.”
The Turks noticed Hussein's head and realized that sending more envoys no longer made sense, also the situation in the besieged city became increasingly severe due to food shortages which forced the Turks to release most of the Christian hostages who were given safe passage to the camp. When the hostages reached the camp, they informed the Austrians about the hopeless situation of the besieged garrison, which only confirmed their belief in the helplessness of the Turks. The Austrians decided to once again propose surrender terms to the garrison, but they were rejected again and the Turks began another and final artillery bombardment.[2]
Then, Bekri Mustafa Pasha had no choice left, and he began negotiating the terms of surrender. He sent two Agha officers to Donat John's camp on 20 March, they had a letter with 10 conditions in it to cede the castle. The talks lasted for several days. The next day, Mustafa released the remaining 72 Christian prisoners.
Mustafa finally set out to Vienna on 26 March with two Agha officers to sign the document with the members of the Viennese Military Council. In this document, the defenders were allowed to go away freely. Emperor Leopold approved the terms, and the pasha returned to Kanizsa on 8 April. To help the process, Donat John placed German and Hungarian soldiers at the gate of the castle. Then, Pasha Mustafa and his family moved to the outer town called Rácváros on 12 April.[2]
Aftermath
editThe Military Council had the fort mended and placed 1,200 Hungarian soldiers in it, they were under the command of Adam Batthyány. Later, they were replaced by German troops. Battyány protested against the order but it was in vain. He got upset and resigned.[3] Emperor Leopold ordered the demolishing of the castle in 1702 in fear of a possible Hungarian uprising. Colonel Schenkendorff forced 1,500 Hungarian peasants with their wagons who had to do the job. The Colonel had orders to pull down the defenses of Egerszeg, and Körmend as well. He sent all the military equipment from these castles to Buda. By the time the anti-Habsburg Revolution of Prince Ferenc Rákóczi reached Kanizsa during the winter of 1704, Kanizsa castle had ceased to exist.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "History of the Batthyánys". Batthyány-Strattmann. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
- ^ a b c d "13 April 1690 The retaking of Kanizsa castle". Hungarian-Ottoman Wars. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
- ^ a b Basics, Móricz (2007). The Batthyány House, the Memory of Count Batthyány Lajos in County Vas (in Hungarian). Vas Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága. ISBN 978-963-9827-01-1.
Further reading
edit- János J. Varga: In the shadow of the waning crescent; Thought Publishing House, Budapest, 1986.
- Gábor Szántai, 33 Castles, Battles, Legends: Hungarian-Ottoman War Series 1, 2018
- Basics, B.; Móricz, P. (2007). The Batthyány House, the Memory of Count Batthyány Lajos. Vas Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága. ISBN 978-963-9827-01-1.
- A KURUCZ VILÁG ÉS II. RÁKÓCZI FERENCZ KORA [Age of the kurucs and Ferenc Rákóczi II]. In: "Szilagyi, Sándor [editor] :A magyar nemzet története[History of the Hungarian nation] . Hetedik kötet. Hatodik könyv. [Seventh volume, 6th book] Budapest.1898. Atheneum"