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The Directorate of State Security (Albanian: Drejtoria e Sigurimit të Shtetit, DSSh), commonly called the Sigurimi, was the state security, intelligence and secret police service of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.[1][2] Its proclaimed goal was maintaining state security of Albania, but de facto the Sigurimi served to suppress political activity among the populace and preserve the existing political system.[2] It is regarded as one of the most feared and repressive agencies to ever exist.
| Drejtoria e Sigurimit të Shtetit | |
 Sigurimi | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 10 December 1944 |
| Dissolved | 15 August 1991 |
| Superseding agency | |
| Headquarters | Tirana, People's Socialist Republic of Albania |
| Motto | "Për popullin, me popullin" ("For the people, with the people") |
| Parent agency | People's Socialist Republic of Albania |
In 2008 the Albanian parliament discussed opening the so-called "Sigurimi files", but the Socialist Party of Albania contested it.[3] A government commission, created in 2015, has been assigned the task of publicizing the Sigurimi files and identifying candidates for public office who had collaborated with the communist regime; however, as of early 2017, the commission has not yet started its work, and critics have pointed out that most of the files were probably destroyed long ago.[4]
History
editWhile recent data places the Sigurimi's official foundation on 10 December 1944 as the OZNA ('Department for Protection of the People'),[5] historian Robert Elsie has argued that its organisational roots go as far back as 19 March 1943.[6] Enver Hoxha credited the Sigurimi as instrumental in his faction's ability to gain power over other Albanian partisan groups.[citation needed] The People's Defense Division, formed in 1945 from Haxhi Lleshi's most reliable resistance fighters, was the precursor to the Sigurimi's 5,000-strong uniformed internal security force.
In 1989 the division was organized into five regiments of mechanized infantry that could be ordered to quell any domestic disturbances posing a threat to the Party of Labour of Albania leadership. The Sigurimi had an estimated 30,000 officers, approximately 7,500 of them assigned to the People's Army.
The organization ceased to exist in name in July 1991 and was replaced by the SHIK (National Informative Service). In early 1992, information on the organization, responsibilities, and functions of the SHIK was not available in Western publications. Some Western observers believed, however, that many of the officers and leaders of the SHIK had served in the Sigurimi and that the basic structures of the two organizations were similar.[citation needed]
Activities
editThe mission of the Sigurimi was to prevent counterrevolutions and to suppress opposition to the existing political system. Although groups of Albanian émigrés sought Western support for their efforts to overthrow the Communist government in the late 1940s and early 1950s, they quickly ceased to be a credible threat because of the effectiveness of the Sigurimi.
The activities of the Sigurimi were directed more toward political and ideological opposition than crimes against persons or property, unless the latter were sufficiently serious and widespread to threaten the regime. Its activities permeated Albanian society to the extent that every third citizen had either served time in labor camps or been interrogated by Sigurimi officers.[citation needed] Sigurimi personnel were generally career volunteers, recommended by loyal party members and subjected to careful political and psychological screening before they were selected to join the service. They had an elite status and enjoyed many privileges designed to maintain their reliability and dedication to the party.
Organization
edit
The Sigurimi had a national headquarters and district headquarters in each of Albania's twenty-six districts.
It was further organized into sections covering political control, censorship, public records, prison camps, internal security troops, physical security, counterespionage, and foreign intelligence.
The political control section's primary function was monitoring the ideological correctness of party members and other citizens. It was responsible for purging the party, government, military, and its own apparatus of individuals closely associated with Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, or China after Albania broke from successive alliances with each of those countries. One estimate indicated that at least 170 communist party Politburo or Central Committee members were executed as a result of the Sigurimi's investigations. The political control section was also involved in an extensive program of monitoring private telephone conversations.
The censorship section operated within the press, radio, newspapers, and other communications media as well as within cultural societies, schools, and other organizations.
The public records section administered government documents and statistics, primarily social and economic statistics that were handled as state secrets.
The prison camps section was charged with the political reeducation of inmates and the evaluation of the degree to which they posed a danger to society. Local police supplied guards for fourteen prison camps throughout the country.
The physical security section provided guards for important party and government officials and installations.
The counterespionage section was responsible for neutralizing foreign intelligence operations in Albania as well as domestic movements and parties opposed to the Albanian Party of Labour.
Finally, the foreign intelligence section maintained personnel abroad and at home to obtain intelligence about foreign capabilities and intentions that affected Albania's national security. Its officers occupied cover positions in Albania's foreign diplomatic missions, trade offices, and cultural centers.
Directors
edit
| No. | Name | Term in office
| |
| 1 | Koçi Xoxe | 14 December 1944 | 22 March 1946 |
| 2 | Nesti Kerenxhi | 2 April 1946 | February 1948 |
| 3 | Vaskë Koleci | 8 March 1948 | 30 October 1948 |
| 4 | Beqir Ndou | 1 November 1948 | 9 March 1949 |
| 5 | Kadri Hazbiu | 9 March 1950 | 1 August 1954 |
| 6 | Mihallaq Ziqishti | 1 August 1954 | 4 May 1962 |
| 7 | Rexhep Kolli | 5 May 1962 | 15 May 1967 |
| 8 | Feçor Shehu | 15 May 1967 | 31 December 1969 |
| 9 | Lelo Sinaj | 1 January 1970 | 15 May 1972 |
| 10 | Muço Saliu | 16 May 1972 | 28 February 1974 |
| – | Feçor Shehu | 1 March 1974 | 15 January 1980 |
| 11 | Kadri Gojashi | 16 January 1980 | 4 April 1982 |
| – | Rexhep Kolli | 4 April 1982 | 23 June 1982 |
| 12 | Pëllumb Kapo | 24 June 1982 | 15 October 1982 |
| 13 | Zylyftar Ramizi | 16 October 1982 | 31 March 1987 |
| 14 | Zef Loka | 1 April 1987 | 15 February 1988 |
| – | Zylyftar Ramizi | 15 February 1988 | 31 January 1989 |
| 15 | Frederik Ymeri | 1 February 1989 | 31 August 1990 |
| 16 | Nerulla Zebi | 31 August 1990 | 15 August 1991 |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Dervishi, Kastriot (2012). Sigurimi i Shtetit 1944-1991, historia e policisë politike të regjimit komunist. Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese "55". p. 250. OCLC 841177824.
- ^ a b Taru Bahl, M. H. Syed (2003). Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World. p. 176. ISBN 9788126114191. Retrieved 2011-04-14.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Sigurimi-dossiers blijven gesloten in Albanië Mondiaal Nieyws
- ^ Brunwasser, Matthew (26 February 2017). "As Albania Reckons with Its Communist Past, Critics Say It's Too Late". The New York Times.
- ^ Dervishi, Kastriot (22 March 2017). "Organet e Sigurimit të Shtetit u krijuan më 1944, por ja ç'vendosi Kuvendi Popullor". Panorama. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ^ Elsie, Robert (2010-03-19). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810873803.
External links
edit- Library of Congress Country Study of Albania – Data as of April 1992