In the cuisine of Sikkim, in northeastern India, rice is a staple food, and fermented foods traditionally constitute a significant portion of the cuisine.[1] Nepalese cuisine is popular, as Sikkim is the only state of India with an ethnic Nepali majority. Many restaurants in Sikkim serve various types of Nepalese cuisine, such as the Limbu, Newa and Thakali cuisines. Tibetan cuisine has also influenced Sikkimese cuisine. The combination of various cuisines has resulted in one specific cuisine.
Biodiversity
editTraditional cuisines of the Lepcha, Limbu, Magar, and Bhutia peoples incorporate the rich biodiversity of the place. The Buddhist saint Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, who passed through ancient Sikkim in the eighth century noted the rich produce of the place in his writings,
There are about 155 varieties of fruits with different tastes and nutritional values. [These include] a walnut that tastes like butter; a fruit known as wallay … and a grape with the taste of wine. There are fruits called tingding with the taste of meat, and sedey, which can be eaten as the equivalent of an entire meal; turnips, and thirty-seven other types of root vegetables are available. There are twenty different varieties of garlic. Altogether, among the edible plants, there are 360 varieties available. There are wild radishes, along with tsolay, nyolay, and grapes in the valley. In the trees, among the rocks and hanging from the cliffs there are beehives.[2]
Agriculture
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The geography and modes of food production within Sikkim inform the food culture within the state.[3] The economy of Sikkim is largely agrarian.[4] Due to the state's mountainous terrain, much of the land is unsuitable for farming, so terrace farming, particularly of rice, is common. In addition to rice,[5] other cereal crops cultivated in Sikkim include wheat, maize, barley, and millet. Potatoes, ginger, oranges, tea, and cardamom are also cultivated.[6][7] Sikkim produces the most cardamom [8] of any Indian state, about 4200 tons annually.[9] Vegetables commonly grown include tomatoes, broccoli, and iskus.[10]
Although dairy and, to a lesser extent, meat and egg products are common elements of the Sikkimese diet, livestock primarily plays a subsidiary role in Sikkim's agricultural sector. Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and yaks are raised. 11.7% of people in the rural areas of Sikkim are vegetarian.[11]
In 2016, Sikkim became India's first "organic state" after fully converting its agricultural land to sustainable farming practices.[12]
Fermented foods and common dishes
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Fermented foods are an integral part of Sikkimese cuisine, comprising 12.6% of total food consumption in the state. Polling indicates that 67.7% of Sikkimese people prepare fermented foods at home rather than purchasing them. This suggests that most fermentation is done at the household level with the notable exceptions of chhurpi and marchaa (a starter culture for fermentation), which are purchased in markets.[11]
Various fermented alcoholic beverages are produced by the introduction of marchaa to cereal grain and subsequent saccharification and fermentation in an airtight vessel. Millet, rice, and maize are commonly used. The grain is washed, cooked, combined with marchaa, then saccharified in an earthware pot for about 1–2 days, then fermented for 2–8 days.[13] Examples of traditional fermented foods are kinema, gundruk, sinki, maseura, and khalpi. Traditional fermented beverages include chyang, tongba, raksi, and kodo ko jaanr.
Dishes
editSikkimese meals typically follow a bhat-dal-tharkari-achar (Rice-Pulses-Curry-Pickle) pattern.[11]
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| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Chhurpi | Traditional Himalayan cheese made from buttermilk. Two varieties of chhurpi exist, one being a soft variety that is usually eaten as a side dish, and a hard variety that is chewed.[14] |
| Dal bhat | Boiled rice and pulses. It is often cooked with onion, garlic, ginger, chili, tomatoes, or tamarind and served with a vegetable tarkari. |
| Dhindo | Nepalese meal prepared by gradual addition of flour to boiling water. |
| Gundruk | Nepalese fermented leafy green vegetable. Surplus mustard, radish, and cauliflower leaves are gathered, shredded, then sealed in an earthenware pot and stored in a warm place. |
| Kinema | Nepalese fermented soybean dish, traditionally combined in a soup with rice, but sometimes served as a side dish with rice or bread. |
| Momo | Steamed dumpling popular throughout the Himalayas and the Indian subcontinent. This food is usually associated with Tibetan and Nepalese people. It is stuffed with minced meat or vegetable like chayote or cabbage in a roll of dough and then steamed. It is eaten with vegetable or meat soup and tomato achar.[15] |
| Phagshapa | Nepalese dish of strips of pork fat stewed with radishes and dried chillies.[16] |
| Sel roti | Nepalese rice bread which is ring shaped and sweet to taste. It is commonly prepared during the Dashain and Tihar festivals. |
| Sinki | Nepalese fermented vegetable prepared by shredding radish roots and storing them for about a month in a sealed hole. |
| Shabhaley | Tibetan bread stuffed with seasoned beef and cabbage. |
| Thukpa | Tibetan noodle soup with vegetables or meat.[17] |
References
edit- ^ "Sikkim Cuisine - Cuisine of Sikkim, Traditional Food of Sikkim, Sikkim Local Food". www.bharatonline.com. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Bhutia, Kalzang Dorjee (2 April 2024). "The Chile is my uncle: Spicy kinship between humans and more-than-humans in the Sikkimese Himalayas". Food and Foodways. 32 (2): 122–141. doi:10.1080/07409710.2024.2333114. ISSN 0740-9710.
- ^ Tamang, Jyoti Prakash. "Food culture in the Eastern Himalayas" (PDF). Journal of Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation. 5: 107–118.
- ^ "Agriculture". sikenvis.nic.in. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "Amended Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Oryza Sativa (Rice) Bran Oil, Oryza Sativa (Rice) Germ Oil, Rice Bran Acid, Oryza Sativa (Rice) Bran Wax, Hydrogenated Rice Bran Wax, Oryza Sativa (Rice) Bran Extract, Oryza Sativa (Rice) Extract, Oryza Sativa (Rice) Germ Powder, Oryza Sativa (Rice) Starch, Oryza Sativa (Rice) Bran, Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Extract Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Protein, Hydrolyzed Rice Extract, and Hydrolyzed Rice Protein1". International Journal of Toxicology. 25 (2_suppl): 91–120. March 2006. doi:10.1080/10915810600964626. ISSN 1091-5818. PMID 17090480.
- ^ "Crops". Government of Sikkim.
- ^ "Sikkim Agriculture". www.mapsofindia.com. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "CHAPTER 7. Cardamom – Small Cardamom, Green Cardamom, True Cardamom, Ceylon Cardamom, Malabar Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)", Culinary Herbs and Spices, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, pp. 99–130, 2021, doi:10.1039/9781839164446-00099, ISBN 978-1-83916-156-8, S2CID 240792462, retrieved 26 March 2022
- ^ ANI (18 August 2016). "Sikkim, India's hub of cardamom farming". Business Standard India. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "Horticulture Department | State Portal-Sikkim". sikkim.gov.in. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ a b c Tamang, Jyoti Prakash; Mukhopadhyay, Barun; Pal, Baidyanath. "Food Consumption in Sikkim With Special Reference to Traditional Fermented Foods and Beverages: A Micro Level Study" (PDF). Journal of Hill Research. Sikkim Science Society.
- ^ "Sikkim becomes India's first organic state". DNA India. 16 January 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Tamang, JP; Thapa, S; Tamang, N; Rai, B. "Indigenous Fermented Food Beverages of Darjeeling Hills and Sikkim: Process and Product Characterization" (PDF). Journal of Hill Research. Sikkim Science Society.
- ^ "The two lives of chhurpi". The Indian Express. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Tamang, Jyoti Prakash; Thapa, Namrata (1 December 2014). "Some nonfermented ethnic foods of Sikkim in India". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 1 (1): 29–33. doi:10.1016/j.jef.2014.11.008. ISSN 2352-6181.
- ^ Verma, Rajesh (2000). Sikkim: A guide and handbook. p. 14.
- ^ ":: Welcome to the Official Web Portal of Sikkim Tourism :: Sikkim at a Glance | Cuisines of Sikkim |". www.sikkimtourism.gov.in. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
External links
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