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Syon House

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Syon House /ˈsaɪən/ is the west London residence of the Duke of Northumberland. A Grade I listed building,[1] it lies within the 200-acre (80 hectare) Syon Park, in the London Borough of Hounslow.

Syon House
Syon House in 2018
TypeMansion
LocationSyon Park
Coordinates51°28′36.31″N 0°18′41.53″W / 51.4767528°N 0.3115361°W / 51.4767528; -0.3115361
OS grid referenceTQ 17282 76685
AreaLondon Borough of Hounslow
Built1547–52
Rebuilt1762-69
ArchitectRobert Adam
OwnerDuke of Northumberland
Listed Building – Grade I
Official nameSyon House
Designated15 Jun 1951
Reference no.1080318
Official nameSyon Park
Designated1 October 1987
Reference no.1000148
Syon House is located in London Borough of Hounslow
Syon House
Location of Syon House in London Borough of Hounslow

The family's traditional central London residence had been Northumberland House in Trafalgar Square, since demolished. The eclectic interior of Syon House was designed by the architect Robert Adam in the 1760s.[2]

History

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Syon House before the alterations of the 1760s
 
Idealised view of the house, All Saints’ Church, Isleworth and both banks of the River Thames at high water between 1700 and 1750 looking towards the south, before the construction of Richmond Bridge

Syon House derives its name from Syon Abbey, a medieval monastery of the Bridgettine Order, founded in 1415 on a nearby site by King Henry V. The abbey moved to the site now occupied by Syon House in 1431. It was one of the wealthiest nunneries in the country and a local legend recites that the monks of Sheen had a ley tunnel[clarification needed] running to the nunnery at Syon.[3] In 1539, the abbey was closed by royal agents during the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the monastic community was expelled.[4]

Upon the dissolution of the abbey, Syon became the property of the Crown for a short time before long lease to the 1st Duke of Somerset, who had the site rebuilt as Syon House in the Italian Renaissance style before his death in 1552. In November 1541 and through February 1542, Henry VIII's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was imprisoned at Syon.[5] In February 1542, the King's men took her to the Tower of London and executed her on charges of adultery. Five years later, when King Henry VIII died, his coffin, surmounted by a jewelled effigy, rested at Syon House for one night before the procession continued to his burial place in St George's Chapel, Windsor.

Lady Jane Grey received formal notification at Syon House on Sunday, 9 July 1553 that she was King Edward VI's heir to the throne. Jane was living at her parents' house of Sheen Priory nearby, and John Dudley sent his daughter Mary, Lady Sidney, to Sheen that morning to bring Jane to Syon. A delegation consisting of Dudley and members of the Privy Council together with their wives are said by tradition to have met with Jane in what is now the Long Gallery to officially convey the news to her.

In 1557, it was proposed to convert the new building to the earlier Catholic use but Elizabeth I of England acceded to the throne before this change was effected. Syon was acquired in 1594 by Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland (1564–1632) since when it has remained in his family.[6]

 
The Thomas Harriot Plaque in the grounds of Syon House (W. London).

In 1609, Thomas Harriot was working at Syon when he made the first ever use of the newly invented telescope to make astronomical drawings of the moon on 26 June, several months ahead of Galileo's observations.[7] A plaque marking Harriot can be found in the grounds, not far from where the observations took place.

In the late 17th century, Syon was in the possession of Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, through his wife, Elizabeth Seymour (née Percy). After the future Queen Anne had a disagreement with her sister, Mary II (wife of William III, also known as William of Orange), over her friendship with Sarah Churchill, Countess of Marlborough, Queen Mary evicted Princess Anne from her court residence at Whitehall and Hampton Court. Princess Anne came to live at Syon with her close friends, the Somersets, in 1692. Anne gave birth to a stillborn child there. Shortly after the birth, Queen Mary came to visit her, again demanding that Anne dismiss the Countess of Marlborough and stormed out again when Anne flatly refused.

In the 18th century, Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, commissioned architect and interior designer Robert Adam and landscape designer Lancelot "Capability" Brown to redesign the house and estate. Work began on the interior reconstruction project in 1762. Five large rooms on the west, south and east sides of the House, were completed before work ceased in 1769. A central rotunda, which Adam had intended for the interior courtyard space, was not implemented, due to cost.[8]

In 1951, Syon House was opened to the public for the first time under the 10th Duke and Duchess. Later, in 1995 under the 12th Duke, the family rooms became open to the public as well. As the Percy family continues to live there, they continue to enhance the house. Most recently the Duchess added a new central courtyard with the design of Marchioness of Salisbury.[9]

A £600K restoration was undertaken in late 2007, primarily involving work to the roof area.[10][11] In 2008 restoration work commenced on the Great Hall and a current long-term project is to restore the Adam Rooms.[12]

Architecture

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A design for a gateway and porters' lodges at Syon House by Robert Adam, c. 1769
 
Grand Neoclassical interior by Adam

Syon House's exterior was erected in 1547 while under the ownership of the 1st Duke of Somerset. Syon's current interior was designed by Robert Adam in 1762 under the commission of the 1st Duke and Duchess of Northumberland.

The well known "Adam style" is said to have begun with Syon House. It was commissioned to be built in the Neo-classical style, which was fulfilled, but Adam's eclectic style doesn't end there. Syon is filled with multiple styles and inspirations including a huge influence of Roman antiquity, highly visible Romantic, Picturesque, Baroque and Mannerist styles and a dash of Gothic. There is also evidence in his decorative motifs of his influence by Pompeii that he received while studying in Italy.[2] Adam's plan of Syon House included a complete set of rooms on the main floor, a domed rotunda with a circular inner colonnade meant for the main courtyard ('meant for' meaning that this rotunda was not built due to a lack of funds), five main rooms on the west, east and south side of the building, a pillared ante-room famous for its colour,[13] a Great Hall, a grand staircase (though not built as grand as originally designed) and a Long Gallery stretching 136 feet long. Adam's most famous addition is the suite of state rooms and as such they remain exactly as they were built.

More specific to the interior of Adam's rooms is where the elaborate detail and colour shines through. Adam added detailed marble chimneypieces, shuttering doors and doorways in the Drawing Room, along with fluted columns with Corinthian capitals. The long gallery, which is about 14 feet high and 14 feet wide, contains many recesses and niches into the thick wall for books along with rich and light decoration and stucco-covered walls and ceiling. At the end of the gallery is a closet with a domed circle supported by eight columns; halfway through the columns is a doorway imitating a niche.[9]

In the 1820s the north range of the house that was not completed by Adam was redesigned by the 3rd Duke. At this time the house was also refaced in Bath stone and the porch rebuilt. This remodelling is thought to have been done by the architect Thomas Cady, who had worked on other estates belonging to the Percy family.[9]

Syon House was refurbished again in the 1860s. The 4th Duke had Renaissance-style plaster ceilings put into the Family Drawing Room, Family Dining Room and Print Room.[6]

The final plan of Syon House includes an entrance hall, ante-room, State Dining Room, State Drawing Room, Long Gallery, study, sitting room, Print Room, Family Drawing Room, Family Dining Room, private apartments on the top floor for the family to live in and a grand staircase.[9]

Syon Park

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Main article: Syon Park

Syon Park is a 200-acre (80 hectare) park bordering the Thames, looking across the river to Kew Gardens. Near its banks is a tidal meadow flooded twice a day by the river. It contains more than 200 species of rare trees. Although the park and lake were designed by Capability Brown in 1760, their character today is nineteenth century. The circular pool has a copy of Giambologna's Mercury. The park and the house in the background were painted from across the Thames by J. M. W. Turner c. 1802–1810 in the painting Zion House, Isleworth and in two capriccios in 1805.[14][15]

 
Syon House Great Conservatory

The Great Conservatory in the gardens, designed by Charles Fowler in the 1820s[16] and completed in 1827, was the first conservatory to be built from metal and glass on a large scale. The conservatory is Grade I listed.[17]

Henry Percy, 11th Duke of Northumberland, who was head of the family from 1988 to 1995, was noted for planting many trees in the grounds of Syon.

In 2002, the English poet Geoffrey Hill released a booklength poem, The Orchards of Syon, to much acclaim. The Orchards of Syon focuses on the history of the region and in particular on the orchard of rare trees first planted in Syon Abbey.

The London Butterfly House was based in the grounds of Syon Park from 1981 until its closure on 28 October 2007 due to the Duke of Northumberland's plans to build a hotel complex on the land. In 2004, planning permission was granted for the deluxe £35-million Radisson Edwardian Hotel. In 2011, the Syon Park Waldorf Astoria hotel opened on the site. The hotel was renamed to the Hilton London Syon Park in 2013.[18][19][20]

Also based in the grounds of Syon Park was the Heritage Motor Museum, a collection of vintage cars, which was also founded in 1981. Owing to a major increase in the number of vehicles acquired, in 1993 the museum closed and its collection was transferred to the Heritage Motor Centre at Gaydon in Warwickshire.[21] Before that, Syon House was host to the London Transport Collection after the closure of the Clapham museum and prior to its move to Covent Garden in 1980.[22]

In 2002 an annual archaeological dig was initiated, originally by the Channel 4 television Time Team programme, to excavate the remains of the lost abbey. The annual dig is now undertaken by Birkbeck College part of the University of London. It is backed up by a permanent exhibition in the undercroft.[12]

In November 2010, the results from an archaeological dig made two years before on the site of the new hotel were reported, with the excavations uncovering the remains of a Roman village that existed in what was then the rural outskirts of Londinium. Artefacts uncovered included 11,500 pottery fragments, 100 coins and pieces of jewellery. Some of the finds remain unexplained, such as the discovery of skeletons "buried in ditches placed on their side". Although the skeletons date from the Roman period, this burial practice was said by the senior archaeologist to be "more suggestive of unknown prehistoric rites than Roman practice".[23]

Syon Park is a Site of Special Scientific Interest[24][25] and Grade I listed.[26]

Filming location

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Syon House and its grounds have frequently been used as locations for filming including: Gosford Park,[27] King Ralph,[28] Emma,[29] The Avengers,[30] Killing Eve,[31] Belgravia[32] and Bridgerton.[33]

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  •  
    East Aspect of Syon House (c. 2010)
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    A design for the hall by Robert and James Adam
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    Robert Adam's plan for the reconstruction of Syon House
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    Adam design for a bridge at Syon Park
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    Side view of the conservatory
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    Syon Park Enchanted Woodland

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Historic England. "Syon House (1080318)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  2. ^ a b O'Connor, Imelda (1987). Wit in The Critic and Syon House. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University. pp. 183–218.
  3. ^ Westwood, Jennifer (1985), Albion. A Guide to Legendary Britain. Pub. Grafton Books, London; ISBN 0-246-11789-3, p. 126.
  4. ^ "Explore: Our History – The Bridgettine Abbey of Syon". Syon Park. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  5. ^ State Papers of Henry the Eighth, vol. 1 (London, 1830), pp. 691–693.
  6. ^ a b Holmes, Nancy (1991). "Noble House: Three Generations of Percys Enjoy Robert Adam's Neoclassical Grandeur". House and Garden. 163 (4): 181–208.
  7. ^ Vandenbrouck, Melanie; Barford, Megan; Devoy, Louise; Dunn, Richard, eds. (2019). The Moon. London: Collins. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-00-828246-2.
  8. ^ Field, D. M. The World's Greatest Architecture Past & Present. p. 207.
  9. ^ a b c d Musson, Jeremy (2 November 2000). "Syon House, Middlesex: A Seat of the Duke of Northumberland". Country Life: 94–99.
  10. ^ "Syon House Restoration" (Press release). Historic Property Restoration Ltd. 12 November 2007. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  11. ^ McDonnell, Colleen (13 April 2008). "Historic Syon House open again after major works". Richmond and Twickenham Times. London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, UK. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  12. ^ a b Syon Park House & Gardens leaflet (2011)
  13. ^ "Syon House". Country Life: 795. 21 May 1927.
  14. ^ Tate Gallery Turner: Zion House, Isleworth Work reference: D08269 Turner bequest CXXI M. Retrieved 13 July 2013
  15. ^ [1] Tate Gallery Turner: Capriccio of the Thames at Isleworth, with the Pavilion at Syon
    Tate Gallery Turner: Capriccio of the Thames at Isleworth, with the Pavilion at Syon Work references: D0619(7/8) Turner bequests XCVIII (13/14). Retrieved 2013-07-13
  16. ^ "Great Conservatory". Syon Park. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  17. ^ Historic England (15 June 1951). "Syon House Conservatory (Grade I) (1358328)". National Heritage List for England.
  18. ^ Brown, Ed; McGrath, Martin; Davis, Matt. "So Crosse As Butterflies Head North". News Associates. Archived from the original on 2 January 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  19. ^ Malvern, Jack (5 January 2005). "Duke's hotel is a threat to butterflies' historic home". The Times. Retrieved 18 July 2008.[dead link‍]
  20. ^ Smith, Graham (20 May 2013). "London Syon Park no longer a Waldorf Astoria hotel". Business Traveller. Panacea Publishing. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  21. ^ "About the Heritage Motor Centre". Heritage Motor Centre. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  22. ^ The London Transport Collection. 55 Broadway: London Transport. 1973. p. 1. ISBN 0-85329-045-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  23. ^ Entire Roman village is unearthed in Syon Park Archived 19 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Louise Jury, Chief Arts Correspondent, Evening Standard, 16 November 2010
  24. ^ Natural England citation, Syon Park
  25. ^ "Map of Syon Park SSSI". Natural England.
  26. ^ Historic England (1 October 1987). "Syon Park (Grade I) (1000148)". National Heritage List for England.
  27. ^ Whitlock, Cathy (31 December 2012). "The Castles and Manor Houses of Cinema's Greatest Period Films: Gosford Park [Slide 17]". Architectural Digest. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  28. ^ "Where was King Ralph filmed?". British Film Locations. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  29. ^ "Emma 2 - Miramax Emma - Gwyneth Paltrow :: Emma Adaptations Pages :: Jane Austen's Emma :: Emma Jane Austen Emma Movie Emma". strangegirl.com.
  30. ^ "The Avengers film locations". The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations.
  31. ^ "Syon Park Filming". Syon Park What has been filmed. Syon Park. May 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  32. ^ "Where is ITV's Belgravia filmed?". Radio Times. 12 April 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021. Here's where you'll find the lavish London homes and ancestral country houses in Julian Fellowes' new period drama Belgravia
  33. ^ "Syon Park Filming". Syon Park What has been filmed. Syon Park. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

General sources

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  • Field, D. M. (2007). "Syon House". The World's Greatest Architecture Past & Present. New Jersey: Chartwell Books.
  • "Syon Park". Hidden London. Chambers. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
  • "Syon Park:History". Syon Park:The London Home of the Duke of Northumberland. 2004. Retrieved 14 September 2008.

Further reading

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  • Syon House: The Story of a Great House – With a short guide for visitors and with four (colour) plates, two endpaper maps (in colour) and 22 illustrations in monochrome (the illustrations mainly relate to paintings, artefacts and the building). First published by Syon House Estate (UK) in 1950 with 48 pages and no ISBN. OCLC 1123648136.
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