Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron Todd (2 October 1907 – 10 January 1997) was a British biochemist whose research on the structure and synthesis of nucleotides, nucleosides, and nucleotide coenzymes gained him the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1957.
The Lord Todd | |
|---|---|
 Alexander Todd in 1957 | |
| Born | Alexander Robertus Todd 2 October 1907 Cathcart, Scotland |
| Died | 10 January 1997 (aged 89) Oakington, England |
| Alma mater | University of Glasgow University of Frankfurt am Main Oriel College, Oxford |
| Awards | Tilden Prize (1940) Davy Medal (1949) Royal Medal (1955) Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1957) Paul Karrer Gold Medal (1963) Copley Medal (1970) Lomonosov Gold Medal (1978) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Chemistry, Biochemistry |
| Institutions | Lister Institute University of Edinburgh University of London University of Manchester University of Cambridge University of Strathclyde Hatfield Polytechnic |
| Doctoral advisor | Prof. Dr. Walther Borsche, Sir Robert Robinson |
| Doctoral students | J. Rodney Quayle |
Early life and education
editTodd was born at Cathcart in outer Glasgow, the elder son of Alexander Todd, JP,[1] a clerk with the Glasgow Subway, and his wife, Jane Lowry.[2]
He attended Allan Glen's School and graduated from the University of Glasgow with a bachelor's degree (BSc) in 1928. He received a doctorate (Dr Phil.nat.) from Goethe University Frankfurt in 1931 for his thesis on the chemistry of the bile acids.
Todd was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851,[3] and, after studying at Oriel College, Oxford, he received another doctorate (DPhil) in 1933.
Career
editTodd held posts with the Lister Institute, the University of Edinburgh (staff, 1934–1936) and the University of London, where he was appointed Reader in biochemistry.
In 1938, Alexander Todd spent six months as a visiting professor at California Institute of Technology, eventually declining an offer of faculty position.[4][5] Todd became the Sir Samuel Hall Chair of Chemistry and director of the Chemical Laboratories of the University of Manchester in 1938, where he began working on nucleosides, compounds that form the structural units of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
In 1944, he was appointed to the 1702 Chair of Chemistry in the University of Cambridge, which he held until his retirement in 1971.[6] In 1949, he synthesised adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Todd served as a visiting professor at the University of Chicago in Autumn 1948[7] and University of Sydney in 1950.[4][8][9]
In 1955, he helped elucidate the structure of vitamin B12, although the final formula and definite structure was determined by Dorothy Hodgkin and her team, and later worked on the structure and synthesis of vitamin B1 and vitamin E, the anthocyanins (the pigments of flowers and fruits) from insects (aphids, beetles) and studied alkaloids found in cannabis. He served as chairman of the Government of the United Kingdom's advisory committee on scientific policy from 1952 to 1964.
He is credited as the first person to synthesize H4-CBD and H2-CBD from Cannabidiol by hydrogenation as early as 1940.[10]
He received the 1957 Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes.”
Elected a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge in 1944, he served as Master from 1963 to 1978. Lord Todd became the first Chancellor of the new University of Strathclyde in 1965, and a visiting professor at Hatfield Polytechnic (1978–1986). Among his many honours, including over 40 honorary degrees, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1942, a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1955,[11] a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1957,[12] and the American Philosophical Society in 1965.[13] President of the Royal Society from 1975 to 1980, The Queen awarded him the Order of Merit in 1977.[14]
In 1981, Todd became a founding member of the World Cultural Council.[15]
Personal life and death
editIn 1937, Todd married Alison Sarah Dale (d. 1987), daughter of Nobel Prize winner Henry Hallett Dale, who like Todd, served as President of the Royal Society of London. They had a son and two daughters:
- Alexander Henry Todd (b. 1939), educated at Oriel College, Oxford, Master Salters' Company (1999/2000), m. 1stly 1967 (div 1981) Joan Margaret Koester, m. 2ndly Patricia Mary Harvey Jones, daughter of Brigadier Alan Harvey Jones CBE TD, of Somerford Booths, Cheshire;
- Helen Jean Todd (b. 1941), m. 1963 Philip Edgar Brown, and has two sons and a daughter;
- Hilary Alison Todd (b. 1946).[16]
Todd died in Cambridge on 10 January 1997 at the age of 89 following a heart attack.[citation needed]
Honours
editTodd was honoured as a Nieuwland Lecturer at the University of Notre Dame in 1948,[17] an Arthur D. Little Visiting Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1954,[4][18] and a Hitchcock Lecturer at University of California, Berkeley, in 1957.[4][19]
Knighted as Sir Alexander Todd in 1954[20] he was elevated as a Life Peer on 16 April 1962, being created Baron Todd of Trumpington in the County of Cambridge.[21]
Lord Todd, Master of the Worshipful Company of Salters (1961/62) and then Master of Christ's College (1963–78), is commemorated by a blue plaque erected by the Royal Society of Chemistry at the Department of Chemistry in the University of Cambridge.[22]
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Bibliography
edit- Todd, Alexander (3 December 2009). A Time to Remember. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-12673-1.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ www.nrscotland.gov.uk
- ^ Brown, Daniel M.; Kornberg, Hans (2000). "Alexander Robertus Todd, O. M., Baron Todd of Trumpington. 2 October 1907–10 January 1997". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 46 (–1): 517–532. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0130. JSTOR 770414.
- ^ 1851 Royal Commission Archives
- ^ a b c d "Lord Todd – Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
- ^ Kay, Lily E. (3 December 1992). The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-028161-8.
- ^ Archer, Mary D.; Haley, Christopher D. (2005), The 1702 chair of chemistry at Cambridge: transformation and change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82873-2, Chapter 9: Alexander Todd, p 233
- ^ Todd, Alexander (17 November 1983). A Time to Remember: The Autobiography of a Chemist. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. ISBN 0-521-25593-7.
- ^ Conn, Eric E. (2008). "Our Work with Cyanogenic Plants". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 1–19. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092924. PMID 17988213.
- ^ "ChemNEWS (FACULTY OF SCIENCE)" (PDF). The University of Sydney.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Jacob, A.; Todd, A. R. (1940). "119. Cannabis indica. Part II. Isolation of cannabidiol from Egyptian hashish. Observations on the structure of cannabinol". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 649–653. doi:10.1039/JR9400000649.
- ^ "Alexander R. Todd of Trumpington". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "Alexander Robertus Todd". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "No. 47362". The London Gazette. 28 October 1977. p. 13613.
- ^ "About Us". World Cultural Council. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ www.burkespeerage.com
- ^ Todd, Alexander R (1949). Vitamins, coenzymes and nucleotides; a series of lectures presented at the University of Notre Dame on October 22, 25 and 27, 1948. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame. OCLC 6142088.
- ^ "Postdoc T.Y. Shen Honors his Wife | MIT Department of Chemistry". chemistry.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
- ^ "Nucleotide Co-Enzymes: A Study in Synthesis | Berkeley Graduate Lectures". gradlectures.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
- ^ "No. 40227". The London Gazette. 9 July 1954. p. 4026.
- ^ "No. 42651". The London Gazette. 17 April 1962. p. 3185.
- ^ www.alumni.christs.cam.ac.uk
- ^ www.college-of-arms.gov.uk
- ^ Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage. 1985.
Further reading
edit- Reynolds, David (2005), Christ's: A Cambridge College Over Five Centuries, Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-98988-0: "The Era of Todd, Plumb and Snow", by Sir David Cannadine.
External links
edit
- Obituary in The Independent
- Obituary in The New York Times
- Lord Todd on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1957 Synthesis in the Study of Nucleotides
- Portraits of Alec Todd at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Interviews with Nobel Prize winning scientists: Alexander, Lord Todd, British Broadcasting Corporation, 1984. Video of an interviewed with Lewis Wolpert. Duration 37 minutes.
- Papers of Lord Todd held at the Churchill Archives Centre
