Graphium eurous

Sixbar swordtail
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Papilionidae
Genus:	Graphium
Species:	G. eurous
Binomial name
	Graphium eurous; (Leech, 1893)

Graphium eurous, the sixbar swordtail, is a swallowtail butterfly belonging to the genus Graphium, also known as the swordtails.

Description

All the bands are narrowed, being only blackish stripes on a pale yellow transparent ground, the anal area of the hindwing being alone more strongly coloured, bearing a honey-yellow anal spot which is somewhat constricted in the middle; behind this spot there is a blue-centred dot, which represents the anal ocellus.Karl Jordan in Seitz (page 86) provides a description differentiating eurous from nearby taxa and discussing some forms. ^[2]

Range

It is known along the Himalayas west from northern Pakistan into India (including Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Garhwal and Kumaon, Sikkim, Assam, Manipur), Nepal, northern Myanmar extending into south-western and central China; and Taiwan.

Status

Though overall common and not threatened, it tends to be extremely local.

Taxonomy

Graphium eurous belongs to the subgenus Pazala.^[1] It has a number of subspecies:^[3]^[4]^[5]

G. e. eurous Leech 1893 - Along the central and eastern Himalayas from Nepal west to North Bengal, Sikkim, possibly Bhutan, Assam, Manipur across northern and central Myanmar to Yunnan.
G. e. caschmirensis (Rothschild, 1895) - Western Himalayas from Jammu & Kashmir to Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
G. e. sikkimica (Heron, 1895) - Northern West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Meghalaya. Also Nepal.^[6]
G. e. inthanon Katayama, 1986 - Northern Thailand and Laos.
G. e. panopaea (de Nicéville, 1900) - Western China.
G. e. meridionalis (Mell 1935) - Southeast China (Northern Guandong to Zhejiang).
G. e. melli Racheli & Cotton 2009 - Guanxi, southern China.
G. e. asakurae (Matsumura, 1908) - Taiwan.

Habitat

These butterflies are found in open places in wooded country between 3,000 and 8,000 feet (910 and 2,440 m) in the Himalayas. They inhabit certain small localities and are always to be found there.

Habits

While the male swordtails are rarely away from their favourite spots, the females wander abroad in search of their host plants, the laurels.

The males generally fly high up, often around a selected tree, where they can be seen settling now and then well out of reach. Occasionally, they descend close to the ground where they can be netted. The females, being less lively, fly closer to the ground, and are often found settling on their host plants.

Life cycle

This species is single brooded. It regularly emerges in Himachal Pradesh area in mid-April and stays on the wing till mid-May. The brood emerges slightly earlier east of Himachal till in Assam the butterflies appear as early as January.

Usually, the females emerge much later than the males and it is not uncommon to see fresh females with wings in perfect condition being courted by males with tattered wings.

Caterpillar

The caterpillars are greenish and have black dots. It has a yellow transverse band. Each thoracic segment has a pair of spines. The anal processes are yellow and have a black tip.

Pupa

The pupas are slender, green and have four yellowish lines.

Food plants

The larval food plants of the sixbar swordtail are primarily from family Lauraceae. Haribal lists Persea odoratissima and Michelia doltsopa (family Magnoliaceae) as the larval host plants.^[7] Smetacek (2012) has reared larvae found to be feeding on Persea duthei King ex J.D. Hooker and Neolitsea umbrosa (Nees) Gamble, to adulthood.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b Häuser, Christoph L.; de Jong, Rienk; Lamas, Gerardo; Robbins, Robert K.; Smith, Campbell; Vane-Wright, Richard I. (28 July 2005). "Papilionidae – revised GloBIS/GART species checklist (2nd draft)". Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
^ Seitz , A. Band 9: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die indo-australischen Tagfalter, 1927, 1197 Seiten 177 Tafeln This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Savela, Markku (16 Feb 2008). "Graphium". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. nic.funet.fi. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
^ Cotton, Adam; Fric, Zdenek Faltynek; Smith, Colin; Smetacek, Peter (March 2013). "Subspecies catalogue of the butterflies of India (Papilionidae): A Synopsis". Bionotes. 15 (1): 5–8.
^ Racheli, T.; Cotton, Adam. Bozano, GC (ed.). Guide to the Butterflies of the Paearctic Region, Papilionidae Part 1, Subfamily Papilioninae, Tribe Troidini. Milano 2010: Omnes Artes. pp. 23–26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Smith, Colin (1981). Field Guide to Nepal's Butterflies. Natural History Museum.
^ Haribal, Meena (1992). The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History. Gangtok, Sikkim, India: Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation.
^ Smetacek, Peter (March 2012). "Preimaginal stages of Graphium (Pazala) eurous caschmirensis (Rothschild 1895) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in the Kumaon Himalaya, India". Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo. 32 (3/4): 109–112. ISSN 0723-9912.

Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985). Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Gland & Cambridge: IUCN. ISBN 978-2-88032-603-6 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Evans, W.H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society.
Gay, Thomas; Kehimkar, Isaac David; Punetha, Jagdish Chandra (1992). Common Butterflies of India. Nature Guides. Bombay, India: World Wide Fund for Nature-India by Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195631647.
Haribal, Meena (1992). The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History. Gangtok, Sikkim, India: Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation.
Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India. India, A Lifescape. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. ISBN 978-8173713545.
Wynter-Blyth, Mark Alexander (1957). Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay, India: Bombay Natural History Society. ISBN 978-8170192329.

[GloBIS/GART-1] Häuser, Christoph L.; de Jong, Rienk; Lamas, Gerardo; Robbins, Robert K.; Smith, Campbell; Vane-Wright, Richard I. (28 July 2005). "Papilionidae – revised GloBIS/GART species checklist (2nd draft)". Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2013.

[2] Seitz , A. Band 9: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die indo-australischen Tagfalter, 1927, 1197 Seiten 177 Tafeln This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[Savela-3] Savela, Markku (16 Feb 2008). "Graphium". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. nic.funet.fi. Retrieved 8 July 2013.

[CFSSmetacek2013-4] Cotton, Adam; Fric, Zdenek Faltynek; Smith, Colin; Smetacek, Peter (March 2013). "Subspecies catalogue of the butterflies of India (Papilionidae): A Synopsis". Bionotes. 15 (1): 5–8.

[Palearctic-5] Racheli, T.; Cotton, Adam. Bozano, GC (ed.). Guide to the Butterflies of the Paearctic Region, Papilionidae Part 1, Subfamily Papilioninae, Tribe Troidini. Milano 2010: Omnes Artes. pp. 23–26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

[Smith1981-6] Smith, Colin (1981). Field Guide to Nepal's Butterflies. Natural History Museum.

[Haribal2003-7] Haribal, Meena (1992). The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History. Gangtok, Sikkim, India: Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation.

[Smetacek2012-8] Smetacek, Peter (March 2012). "Preimaginal stages of Graphium (Pazala) eurous caschmirensis (Rothschild 1895) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in the Kumaon Himalaya, India". Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo. 32 (3/4): 109–112. ISSN 0723-9912.

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