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Skuraj family

The Skura (also, Skuraj, Skurraj, Skurra, Scura, Sgouros, Ozgur, Uzgur) were a medieval Albanian feudal family centred around the historical and ethnographic region of Benda in the highlands north-east of modern Tirana, central Albania.[1] They were among the Albanian families that rose to prominence in the Theme of Dyrrhachium and reached high military-administrative ranks within the Byzantine state apparatus.[2] On top of their relations with the Byzantine Empire and other members of the local Albanian nobility, the Skura were also closely involved with other prominent powers in the region, such as the Angevin Kingdom of Albania and the Ottoman Empire.[3]

Skura
Skurajt
Noble family
Model no.1
The coats of arms of the Skura are depicted in Friedrich Heyer von Rosenfeld's "Wappenbuch des Königreichs Dalmatien", published in 1873.
Model no.2
CountryMedieval Albania
Current regionBenda
Founded13th century
Members
Different spellings of the name include Scura, Schura, Schuro, Sguro, Scuro, Sgurous, and Zguraj.

History

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Among the earliest attestations of the Skura are from the thirteenth century. A familial tomb dated back to the year 1201, located in a church dedicated to Saint Mary in the village of Brrar north-east of Tirana, has been identified as that of the sebastos Mihal Skura who had died in the same year. His title and monument alludes to the high rank and status held by the Skura during the period.[4] The tomb was excavated in 1980 by the archaeologists Aleksandër Meksi and Damian Komata, who noted that the frontal part of the tomb was decorated with an arcade of five arches, each of which had a Latin cross underneath them. They also noted that an equal-armed cross of the Byzantine style was engraved at the front of the tomb inscription which itself was written in both Medieval Greek and Latin, indicating that the family was influenced by both the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches. The Latin crosses may specifically reflect the shift away from Byzantine Eastern Orthodox influence and jurisdiction, propagated by the Principality of Arbanon, and a growing identification or allegiance to the Roman Church. The tomb inscription was also transcribed by the team as:[5]

+ΜΝΗΣΘΗΤΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΤΟΝ ΔΟΥΛΟΝ ΣΟΥ ΜΙΧΑΗΛ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ ΤΟΝ ΣΑΟΥΡΟΝ ΑΜΑ ΣΥΜΒΙΩ ΚΑΙ ΤΕΚΝΟΙΣ OR(E)SUAETCUMFILI(I)SSUISMEMENTOD (OMI) NEFAMULOTUOMICHALESVASTOSGVRUMCUMUX (Remember, Lord your servant, thy sevast Mihal Skura with his wife and children. Year 6790)

Later in 1295, another scion of the Skura family, Progonos Sgouros (Progon Skura) from Dyrrhachium,[6][7] is mentioned in an inscription from the church of Saint Clement of Ohrid as its founder.[3] Progon himself was also the lord (megas eteriarchos) of Ohrid responsible for halting the military expansion of Stefan Milutin into the region and was married to a certain Eudokia who was the relative of the emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos.[3][8]

The Skura appear again in an Angevin document of 1274 where three nobles of the Skura family appear among the Albanian nobles who had reached an agreement with Charles I of Anjou: the savasto Maurus Scura, Zacharias Scura, and Georgius Scura.[9] To further cement their positive relations and ties with the Angevins, the Skura, alongside other Albanian nobles, submitted to Philip I of Taranto in 1304 and became vassals.[8]

Branches of the Skura were also present in northern Albania and had reached the city of Lezhë in north-western Albania by the fourteenth century, where the family heraldic emblem of the scion Antonio Skura was discovered in his tombstone in Kodër Marlekaj. The emblem depicts a lion standing on its hind legs holding a lily on the right corner. There are also two hanging cords with lilies at the ends and a partially destroyed inscription in Latin.[10]

Later, in a document of 1469, a certain Vucho Scura is recorded as the leader of the highland territory of Benda near the citadel of Krujë (voyvode montanee Bende super Croyam).[11]

Following the Ottoman conquest of Albania, branches of the Skura were incorporated into the Ottoman state system and converted to Islam. Richard F. Kreutel argues that a certain Uzguroğlu ("son of Skura") Mehmed Bey was responsible for the Ottoman conquest of Durrës in 1501 and that he had served in campaigns around Modon and Koroni in the previous year. However, other academics have asserted that a descendant of the Evrenosoğlu was responsible for the conquest.[12] It is possible that this Mehmed Bey was the same individual, or a relative, responsible for aiding in the reconstruction of the Lezhë Castle in 1522 and the founding of the Lead Mosque in Berat.[13] An Isa Bey from the Skura also obtained the position of beylerbey of Anatolia.[14]

Connection to the Progoni family

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It has been theorised by some Albanian historians that the Progoni family that ruled over the Principality of Arbanon were a branch of the Skura.[11][15] This position bases itself on the fact that both families maintained marital ties with the Byzantine dynasties, specifically the Angeloi. While Leo Sgouros married Eudokia Angelina, daughter of Alexios III Angelos, Demetrio Progoni married Eudokia's daughter via her earlier marriage with Stefan Nemanjić, Komnena Nemanjić. Their relative, Progon Skura, was also married to a relative of Andronikos II Palaiologos. It is then argued that matrimonial ties with the emperor were reserved to special important families from the Byzantine provinces and that the Albanian Skura were among those few which held such ties.[11]

Connection to the Sgouros family of the Peloponnese

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According to Xhufi, another member of this family – attested during the thirteenth century – was Leo Sgouros, who served as the strategos of Corinth and Nafplio in the Peloponnese, and was the son-in-law of Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos via his marriage to Eudokia Angelina in 1203.[3] Vlachopoulou writes that this view is based on the corruption of the original Sgourós/Sgoúros into Skoúros, Skoúras, Skýros, which is first observed in the 13th century, and mainly in the 14th and 15th centuries. She adds that this view is problematic, since the Sgouros family first appeared in the eleventh century, and particularly in areas that don't attest any Albanian presence until centuries later. According to her, it's more probable that members of the Sgouros family intermarried with various Albanian houses during the 14th and 15th centuries, which is the time that the latter migrated to various parts of Greece.[16]

References

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  1. ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (2010). "Benda e Arbrit në Mesjetën e Vonë". Studime Historike (1/2): 16.
  2. ^ Anamali, Skënder (2002). Historia e Popullit Shqiptar, Vëll. 1. Tiranë: TOENA. pp. 183, 195–6.
  3. ^ a b c d Xhufi 2010, p. 17.
  4. ^ Xhufi 2010, p. 16.
  5. ^ Koçi, Dorian (2018). Treasuries from the Medieval Pavilion and the Great Albanian Pashaliks' Corner (DOC). TREASURIES OF NATIONAL HISTORICAL MUSEUM. Tirana. p. 49. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  6. ^ Christidou, Anna (2014). "Political 'expedience' and peripheral saints: assimilating St. Asteios of Dyrrachion in the Byzantine Orthodox tradition". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 38 (2): 166. doi:10.1179/0307013114Z.00000000042. S2CID 153766631. Gozdanov also notes, rightly, that the prominent position of St. Asteios' portrait at St. Clement of Ohrid may also be associated with Progon Sgouros, the commissioning patron originating from Dyrrachion, and with the intention to highlight visually the close ecclesiastical ties between Dyrrachion and Ohrid
  7. ^ Daum, Werner, ed. (1998). Albanien zwischen Kreuz und Halbmond (in German). Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde. p. 105. ISBN 9783701624614. Dieses Kloster befand sich eine Zeitlang im Besitz der Skuraj, einer bekannten albanischen Adelsfamilie . Ein Angehöriger dieses Geschlechts, Progon Skura, war Auftrag - geber der Fresken in der Klemens - Kirche in Ohrid
  8. ^ a b Anamali 2002, p. 234.
  9. ^ Malaj, Edmond (2020). "Lezha in the Middle Ages". Studica Albanica. 1: 11.
  10. ^ Koçi 2018, pp. 70–1.
  11. ^ a b c Xhufi 2010, p. 18.
  12. ^ Filipović, Nenad (2012). "Draç'in Fethi (1501), Oruç Bin-i Âdil Vakayinâmesi ve Isâbey-oğlu Mehmet Çelebi". Prilozi Za Orijentalnu Filologiju (61): 388.
  13. ^ Kiel, Machiel (1990). Ottoman Architecture in Albania, 1385-1912. Istanbul: Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. pp. 194–5. ISBN 9789290633303.
  14. ^ Egro, Dritan (2003). Islam in Albanian Lands During the First Two Centuries of the Ottoman Rule (PDF) (PhD). Bilkent University. p. 195.
  15. ^ Anamali 2002, p. 196.
  16. ^ Vlachopoulou, Fotini (2001). Ο βίος και η πολιτεία του Λέοντος Σγουρού: Βυζαντινού άρχοντα της βορειοανατολικής Πελοποννήσου στις αρχές του 13ου αιώνα [The life and times of Leon Sgouros: Byzantine lord of northeastern Peloponnese in the early 13th century] (in Greek). University of Johannesburg. pp. 22–23.
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