Slab City, also called The Slabs, is an unincorporated, off-the-grid alternative lifestyle community[1] consisting largely of snowbirds[2] in the Salton Trough area of the Sonoran Desert, in Imperial County, California. It took its name from concrete slabs that remained after the World War II Marine Corps Camp Dunlap training camp was torn down.[3] Slab City is known for attracting people who want to live outside mainstream society.[4]
| Slab City | |
|---|---|
 The Second Guardshack, originally installed as a security measure by the United States Marine Corps, now painted with a sign welcoming visitors to Slab City. | |
  Slab City  Slab City | |
| Location | Sonoran Desert, California (4 miles northeast of Niland) |
| Coordinates | 33°15′27″N 115°27′45″W / 33.25750°N 115.46250°W |
| Operated by | Chasterus Foundation |
| Established | 1942 |
| Slogan | “The last free place” |
| Website | slab-city.com (archived) |
History
edit
Prior to the United States' official entry into World War II, the United States Marine Corps planned a training ground for field and anti-aircraft artillery units in an area accessible by aircraft taking off from carriers near San Diego.[5] To create the training base, 631.345 acres (255.496 ha) were obtained. The government announced that the base was to be named after Marine Corps Brigadier General Robert Henry Dunlap. After construction of Camp Dunlap was completed, it was commissioned on October 15, 1942. The camp had fully functioning buildings, water, roads, and sewage collections. The base was used for three years during the war.[5] By 1949, military operations at Camp Dunlap had been greatly reduced, but a skeleton crew continued on until the base was dismantled. By 1956, all buildings had been dismantled, but the slabs remained.[5]
The area that is now Slab City was the artillery training range for the Camp.[6] It was first settled by a few veterans who had worked at the Marine base, followed later by drifters – then recreational vehicle owners, searching for free camping spots outside Palm Springs. Current residents refer to themselves as Slabbies while tourists are called Normies.[7]
As of October 6, 1961, a quitclaim deed conveying the land to the State of California was issued by the Department of Defense as it was determined the land was no longer required.[7] The deed did not contain any restrictions, recapture clauses, or restoration provisions.[5] All of the former Camp Dunlap buildings had been removed. The remaining slabs were not proposed for removal. Later, legislation required that revenue generated from this property would go to the California State Teachers' Retirement System.
Slab City's popularity surged after an article was printed in Trailer Life and RV Magazine around 1984. A 1988 San Diego Reader reports there were no more than 600–700 RVs around 1983, and one resident estimated there were about 2000 trailers when he was interviewed in March, 1988.[4]
Leonard Knight, an early settler who created the Salvation Mountain art installation, was featured in Sean Penn's Into the Wild, released in 2007.[8] An obituary of Knight stated that he "spent almost 30 years building the colorful mountain ... Built out of adobe and donated paint, Knight worked on the mountain all day, every day. He even slept at the mountain's base in the back of a pick-up truck, with no electricity or running water".[8]
An article in Smithsonian magazine in October 2018 referred to the community as a "Squatters’ Paradise" which locals consider to be "one of America's last free places." The article said of the population: "There are clearly people there who don’t want to be found, so there’s something about disappearing, and the desert offers that kind of opportunity."[3]
Geography
editSlab City is located on roughly 640 acres (260 hectares) of public land,[9] near the east shore of the Salton Sea. It is 100 miles (160 kilometers) northeast of San Diego, 169 mi (272 km) southeast of Los Angeles and about 50 mi (80 km) from Mexico.[10] To the east of Slab City is Coachella Canal,[11] which is fenced, but the fence gets cut open periodically, especially at Slab City, according to the Coachella Valley Water District.[12]
Climate
editThe area has a large amount of sunshine year round, due to its stable descending air and high pressure. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Slab City has a hot desert climate, BWh on climate maps.[13]
| Climate data for Niland (130 feet below sea level) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 89 (32) |
97 (36) |
104 (40) |
108 (42) |
116 (47) |
121 (49) |
122 (50) |
120 (49) |
121 (49) |
111 (44) |
100 (38) |
93 (34) |
122 (50) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 71 (22) |
74 (23) |
80 (27) |
86 (30) |
95 (35) |
103 (39) |
107 (42) |
107 (42) |
102 (39) |
91 (33) |
79 (26) |
70 (21) |
89 (32) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 56 (13) |
59 (15) |
64.5 (18.1) |
70 (21) |
77.5 (25.3) |
85 (29) |
91 (33) |
92 (33) |
86 (30) |
75 (24) |
63.5 (17.5) |
55 (13) |
72.9 (22.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 41 (5) |
44 (7) |
49 (9) |
54 (12) |
60 (16) |
67 (19) |
75 (24) |
77 (25) |
70 (21) |
59 (15) |
48 (9) |
40 (4) |
57 (14) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 19 (−7) |
25 (−4) |
28 (−2) |
35 (2) |
40 (4) |
27 (−3) |
55 (13) |
59 (15) |
50 (10) |
30 (−1) |
11 (−12) |
22 (−6) |
11 (−12) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.48 (12) |
0.55 (14) |
0.33 (8.4) |
0.05 (1.3) |
0.02 (0.51) |
0.00 (0.00) |
0.08 (2.0) |
0.21 (5.3) |
0.16 (4.1) |
0.25 (6.4) |
0.19 (4.8) |
0.48 (12) |
2.8 (70.81) |
| Source: Weather Channel[14] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
editThe Washington Post reported in 2020 that population is seasonal, and balloons up to about 4,000 during the winter, by some estimates, and dwindles to about 150 in the summer. Since the 1950s, Slab City has drawn a variety of people, such as anarchists, artists, eccentrics, outcasts, retirees, and the impoverished.[2][15] A 1990 Chicago Tribune article by a journalist who stayed in the camp for a week estimated that winter residents (at the time) were mostly senior citizens over 60 years old.[16] It is a "popular winter destination for transients."[9] Slab City is used by recreational vehicle owners, travellers, and squatters from across North America, including Canada.[17][18]
Economy
editAccording to the San Diego Union-Tribune's Fred Dickey in 2012, the most common source of income among the permanent residents is "probably" SSI checks.[19] In 2020, Ranker indicated that Slab City's income mainly comes from tourists and donations.[20] In 1995, almost every resident of Slab City collected disability benefits, social security or unemployment. Another steady source of income at the time was selling salvaged goods to visitors.[21]
Many residents use generators or solar panels to generate electricity. Clean water is dispensed from a tank at the community church.[22] The closest body of civilization with proper law enforcement is approximately four miles (six kilometers) southwest of Slab City, in Niland, where residents often went for basic shopping as of 1990.[16] Residents were still obtaining essentials from Niland, a town of about 1,000, 30 years later in 2020.[22]
During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, most tourist destinations were closed.[2] This had economic ramifications for Slab City, as well as its availability of food and water, which relied in part on tourist donations. Residents are divided on whether to follow or defy government guidelines, complicated by a lack of health infrastructure and insurance. In May 2020, Imperial County had 55 confirmed cases of the coronavirus, out of 417 tests.[22]
Arts and culture
editTourism
editSlab City has a free lending library, an outdoor music venue called The Range.[2][23]
The settlement also has an internet cafe, a hostel,[24] and a skatepark built inside what remains of the military base swimming pool.[10]
During the 2020 pandemic, most tourist destinations, including Salvation Mountain, The Range, and Slab City's Library, were closed.[2]
Salvation Mountain
editLocated just east of California State Route 111, the entrance to Slab City is easily recognized by the colorful Salvation Mountain, which is a small hill approximately three stories tall and entirely covered in latex paint, concrete and adobe, and festooned with Bible verses. It was a project built over two decades by Slab City resident Leonard Knight.[25] The work is a 50 ft-tall piece of religious folk art, "an unofficial centrepiece for the community and [cementing] the area’s anarchic creative identity," according to a 2020 report.[26]
In 2002, Salvation Mountain was named a Congressional National Folk-Art Treasure.[27][28][29]
The current Salvation Mountain is actually the second construction to occupy the site;[30] Knight began the first Salvation Mountain in 1984, using highly unstable construction methods that allowed the mountain to collapse in 1989.[25] Knight was not discouraged; he rebuilt the structure using better materials and engineering, including adobe mixed with straw.[31]
Before his death on February 10, 2014, Knight had been living in a nursing home. He was able to visit Salvation Mountain for the last time in May 2013;[8] the visit was recorded by KPBS (TV).[32]
East Jesus
editEast Jesus is an experimental and habitable art installation located in the Slab City area. There is no religious connotation in the name East Jesus – it is a colloquialism for a place in the middle of nowhere beyond the edge of serviceability. The off-grid facility operates with no municipal utilities.[33]
In early 2007, Charlie Russell left his job in the technology industry, packed all his belongings into a shipping container, and sent it to a trash-strewn field, where he began to surround his two cars with sculptures. Russell, often called Container Charlie, renamed this settlement site East Jesus. He died in May 2011.[34] The Chasterus Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit formed after his death in 2011, has since guided the curation and expansion of East Jesus.[35]
East Jesus features a variety of experimental art, such as live events, performance art, music, photography, and most prominently sculptures. Works are continually added, and degrade quickly in the desert climate, despite the presence of caretakers. One such volunteer referred to it, and Slab City as a whole, as a ‘salvagepunk’ ethos. East Jesus pieces are described as decaying, or growing, but always in a state of transformation, unlike traditional galleries; due both to the intense climate, and the thousands of contributing artists who have added to the installation. In 2014, live-in staff were giving dozens of free tours, and hosted visiting artists and overnight guests.[36]
The Range
editThe Range is an open-air nightclub complete with stage, lights, amplifiers, and speakers, with tattered couches and old chairs for seating. Every Saturday night at around dusk, locals and visitors meet for a talent show that features permanent resident musicians and anyone else who wants to get on stage and perform. The venue is run by old-time resident William Ammon, known as "Builder Bill." Ammon's wife, Robin Ammon, collected old prom dresses for people to wear; these are used when the community puts on a prom, because many residents have never been able to actually attend one.[23]
Government
editDirt roads are graded by Imperial County and are regularly patrolled by the Imperial County Sheriff's Office, as well as by Border Patrol agents searching for illegal immigrants; Slab City is about 50 miles (80 km) from Mexico.[18] Fire service for Slab City is provided by the Niland Fire Department. School buses come from nearby communities to pick up the few children there.[18][37]
Community
editSlab City is divided into a handful of neighborhoods with different characteristics.[4][7] As of 2020, the community is largely divided into two: East Jesus and Slab City.[28] Thousands of campers and RV owners, many retired, use the site during the winter months. The "snowbirds" stay only for the winter before migrating north in spring, to cooler climates.[16][18] Despite the high temperatures, there are about 150 permanent residents of Slab City. Some of these "Slabbers" or "Year-Rounders" derive their living from government programs and have been driven to Slab City by poverty or job loss. Others have voluntarily moved, to learn how to live off the grid, or otherwise be isolated.[3] "Builder Bill" Ammon described "a kind of segregation" between the older residents, who would exchange goods and services, and young residents, who are sometimes "ill-equipped" for self-sufficiency, or turn to petty theft and drug use.[18]
As of a January 2020 report, Slab City is composed of "more than a dozen individual neighborhoods ... small camps of people with their own particular rules and culture." Amenities include The Range, a makeshift library, RV rental units, an internet cafe, and establishments which sell food; though most shopping is done at the town of Niland. One resident is reported to have run a weekly self-help group for women in the community.[38] Residents talked about using CB radio as a bulletin board and adopting radio handles when they spoke to the Chicago Tribune in 1990.[16] In 2005, a resident told a Los Angeles Times correspondent for the On The Streets documentary how he can just live however he wants.[39]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, residents were heavily impacted by the loss of tourist income, which also provided food and water. Social distancing was also a difficulty, as many residents work closely to trade and maintain services. The pandemic was complicated by the elderly population, no health infrastructure within Slab City (the nearest hospital is 40 minutes away, in Brawley), a lack of insurance, a lack of running water and sanitation, and anti-governmental or conspiratorial beliefs.[22] Residents raised concerns over a past failure to contain an outbreak of canine parvo.[2] As of April 2020, Imperial County had not provided any specific assistance for vulnerable communities.[22]
Crime
editCrystal meth is fairly common and accounts for much of the crime in Slab City.[19] In 2015, the New York Times reported that the usual cause for police response to Slab City is over camping boundary disputes, sometimes burglary, but that methamphetamine use is a recurrent problem.[40] In December 2019, during the two-day Imperial Valley fugitive-seeking effort named Operation Valley Grinch, four fugitives hiding in Slab City were apprehended.[41][42] The locals also cut the fence[11] to unlawfully use Coachella Canal as a swimming spot.[43]
Future plans
editSome reports claim that the land is owned by the State of California,[7] while others from 1993 report that the land was purchased by a building contractor.[44][45][46] As of 2021, California had not yet decided to sell the land, but the Lands Commission is considering having the land appraised, and, if needed, allow for cleanup due to military waste from the 1950s.
In 2015, several residents formed the Slab City Community Group in an effort to prevent a sale. The group explored obtaining 450 acres (180 ha) of Slab City in a trust, though this was contentious with other residents.[40] A May 2020 article confirmed that the state was hoping to sell the land. "A sale could potentially go to energy companies ... Many residents worry that a deal could leave them without a community or place to live, as the lawless Slab City has become the last resort for so many."[20]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Barragan, Bianca (March 13, 2015). "Off-the-Grid Desert Squatter Town Considers Going Legit". Curbed LA. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Rapa, Patrick (June 8, 2020). "Fear of the pandemic reaches California's Slab City, an off-the-grid desert community". Washington Post. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ a b c Nalewicki, Jennifer (October 1, 2018). "Inside Slab City, a Squatters' Paradise in Southern California". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ a b c Sorensen, Steve (March 10, 1988). "Slab City and its neighborhoods: Poverty Flats, Niland Heights, Little Canada, Slab City Singles, and Drop Seven and Drop Eight". San Diego Reader. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Historic California Posts: Camp Dunlap". www.militarymuseum.org. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
- ^ "Welcome to East Jesus, CA | San Diego Reader". www.sandiegoreader.com. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Hillard, Gloria (January 24, 2012). "Slab City: An Escape For The Down And Out". NPR.org. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ a b c Carone, Angela (February 11, 2014). "Leonard Knight, Creator of Salvation Mountain, Dies At 82". KPBS Public Media. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ a b "Photographing Slab City, California's off-grid drifter community". The Independent. July 27, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ a b Rogers, Paul (January 25, 2018). "Meet the Former Angelenos Living in a Rent-free, Ramshackle Desert "Town": Slab City". LA Weekly.
- ^ a b "Slab City, a trailer park utopia, thrives in remote desert". Los Angeles Times. December 18, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
- ^ Rumer, Anna. "1,200-foot fence planned after Coachella Canal death". The Desert Sun. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
This is especially true in areas like Slab City where the fence is being cut in order to gain access to the canal.
- ^ Climate Summary for Niland, California
- ^ "Niland, CA Monthly Weather Forecast". Weather Channel. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
- ^ "Living Without Laws: Slab City, USA". Video. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Graves, William S. (March 18, 1990). "Life among the Slabs". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Perry, Tony (December 18, 2011). "Slab City, a trailer park utopia, thrives in remote desert". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e Motlagh, Jason (February 3, 2012). "Slab City, Here We Come: Living Life Off the Grid in California's Badlands". Time. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
- ^ a b Dickey, Fred (January 6, 2012). "A man named Quokka finds a home in Slab City". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ a b "Slab City Is An Off-Grid Desert City, And Its Residents Claim It's The Last Free Place In America". Ranker. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ Covarrubias, Amanda (August 13, 1995). "Homeless Find Home in Sizzling Heat of California Desert : Imperial Valley: Society's dropouts settle at abandoned firing range. At 'Slab City,' old trailers, campers and buses sit on slabs of concrete that once served as foundations for barracks, buildings". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Isolated but at risk: Slab City confronts the specter of coronavirus". www.desertsun.com. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
- ^ a b Carone, Angela. "Will Slab City Remain The Last Free Place In America?". KPBS Public Media. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
- ^ Anderson, Ian (2020). Moon Southern California Road Trips: Drives along the Beaches, Mountains, and Deserts with the Best Stops along the Way. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-1640491281.
- ^ a b Brown, Richard (February 10, 2014). "Leonard Knight of Salvation Mountain fame dies at 82". Imperial Valley Press Online. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ Watling, Eve (July 27, 2020). "Photographing Slab City, California's off-grid drifter community". The Independent. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ "The atheist at Salvation Mountain". theweek.com. May 7, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ a b Bartell, John (August 4, 2020). "Salvation Mountain: The man, the mountain, the tourist attraction | Bartell's Backroads". abc10.com. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ "Congressional Record Senate Articles". www.congress.gov. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
- ^ "History of Salvation Mountain". www.salvationmountain.us. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
- ^ Patterson, Sara M. (2016). Middle of Nowhere: Religion, Art, and Pop Culture at Salvation Mountain. UNM Press. ISBN 978-0826356314.
- ^ Leonard Knight Returns to Salvation Mountain, May 31, 2013
- ^ Vera, Marco (December 3, 2014). "Off the Grid Enlightenment and Spirit at East Jesus". KCET. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ Newell, Ruth (March 17, 2005). "Welcome to East Jesus, CA". San Diego Reader. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ^ Booker, Christopher; Rothman, Mori (March 3, 2019). "Artists fill the void left by California's dying Salton Sea". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
- ^ Bastow, Clem (September 25, 2014). "Here's What It's Like to Live in a Sustainable Art Installation That's Being Slowly Swallowed by the Desert". Junkee. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
- ^ Nieves, Evelyn (February 18, 2001). "Slab City Journal; For Thousands, a Town of Concrete Slabs Is a Winter Retreat (Published 2001)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
- ^ "10 incredible photos of the desert commune that calls itself 'the last free place in America'". The Independent. October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
- ^ Biagiotti, Lisa (February 2, 2016). "On the Streets: Slab City: A haven for the homeless gentrifies". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
- ^ a b Eckholm, Erik (March 11, 2015). "Talk of a Sale Fills a Hippie Haven With Bad Vibes (Published 2015)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Staff Reporter. "Operation Valley Grinch arrests 44 fugitives". The Desert Review. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
- ^ Conant, Ericka; Br; Mejia, on (December 23, 2019). "Imperial Valley agencies conduct 'Operation Valley Grinch'". KYMA. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
- ^ Lubell, Sam (March 19, 2014). "Exploring Modern Ruins in Southern California (Published 2014)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
- ^ Clark, Robin (February 20, 1994). "Trouble in Paradise". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
- ^ "State Board Cements Sale of 'Slab City'". Los Angeles Times. September 10, 1993. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
- ^ Perry, Tony (September 7, 1993). "California Album : Snowbirds Find Roost in Land of the Free : There are no rent and no restrictions in this gravelly Imperial County spot, a place 'with real freedom,' says one resident. Trouble is, the days of liberty may be ending soon at the Slabs". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
External links
edit
- East Jesus
- Salvation Mountain
- Slab City: A haven for the homeless gentrifies On the Streets Ep. 9 (Los Angeles Times official YouTube)
- Slab City footage and interviews by Sherman George and Greg Durbin, University of California in San Diego Library Digital Collections
- 1988 San Diego Reader article on Slab City
- Living Without Laws: Slab City, USA (Vice official)
- 2004 New York Times article, login may be required.
- 2003 UK Guardian article.
- Howser, Huell (January 8, 1997). "Slab City (806)". California's Gold. Chapman University Huell Howser Archives.
- 2020 Photo-essay from The Guardian
- Slab City: the Legendary Lawless Town in the California Desert