Slovak heraldry is the study and practice of heraldry in the territory of Slovakia.

The Heraldic register of the Slovak Republic
Ladislav Vrtel, chief state counsel for heraldry

In 1975 a heraldic commission of the Ministry of Interior was created in order to give recommendations to municipal councils on the use of coats of arms.[1][2][3]

Heraldický register Slovenskej republiky (The Heraldic register of the Slovak Republic) is the national heraldic authority of Slovakia constituted within the Slovak Ministry of Interior. It functions as the country's official record for coats of arms and flags.[4]

Coat of arms of Slovakia

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Regional heraldry

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Article 1 of the Law on Self Government of Regions says:

The self-governing region has its symbols, which can be used in execution of self-government. Symbols of self-governing region are its coat of arms, flag and seal, in some case a melody.[5]

Municipal heraldry

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Article 1b of the Law on Municipal Arrangement says:

The municipality has right to its own symbols. A municipality which has own symbols is obliged to use it in exercise of self-government. Municipalities' symbols are a municipal coat of arms, a municipal flag, a municipal seal, and in some cases a melody of the municipality.[6]

In practice every municipality has its own coat of arms, as it is needed for everyday conduct of administration.[7][8]

Common themes

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Agricultural, viticultural and mining motifs are most common in Slovak municipal heraldry.[9]

Viticultural

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In the 13th century, German settlers commenced the cultivation of wine in the Little Carpathians region of western Slovakia.[10][11][12]

When some of settlements gained city rights, their older charges were combined with royal/state charges. In that way, emperor Ferdinand I granted a coat of arms to Častá in 1560[13][14] and emperor Rudolf II amended older viticultural charge of Modra with royal stripes in 1607.[15][16]

As viticulture became widespread, new wine growing areas arose. Today there are six recognized wine growing regions.[17] That is why viticultural symbols are quite common in modern Slovak municipal heraldry.

 
Wine-producing regions in Slovakia.

Viticultural symbols used: a bunch of grapes, grapevine, even vinedresser. As of instruments depicted, a type of billhook, so called viticultural knife is widely used.[clarification needed][18]

Mining

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St. Katherine's cult became significant in several German inhabited mining towns in the northern part of the ancient Kingdom of Hungary, today's Slovakia, and her popularity there suggests that she was venerated as a miners' saint.[19][20] As a consequence, her attribute - a breaking wheel - is considered a mining symbol in modern Slovak municipal heraldry. It is common in those municipalities with history of German settlement and mining, like Handlová and Kremnica.[21][22]

The notable mining town of Banská Štiavnica preserved the oldest known town-seal from the ancient Kingdom of Hungary in a document issued in 1275.,[23] boasted to be oldest mining sign in Europe altogether.[24] Despite existing St. Katherine's cult in town,[25][26] its armory is explicit with pickaxe, hoe and hammer.

However, most common sign of ancient mining communities is a charge with a hammer and pick symbol:

A distinctive charge in several urban shields is a two-barred cross.[27]

Ecclesiastic heraldry in Slovakia

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Latin rite dioceses in Slovakia

After the Velvet Revolution, church heraldry in Slovakia has been more publicly used; the Roman Catholic church, the Greek Catholic Church and some Protestant denominations has reinvented their own symbols.

Historically, Catholicism is the major Christian tradition in the country. As is common practice worldwide, Catholic bishops are represented in an episcopal conference.[28] In order to provide correct use of ecclesiastic coats of arms, the Episcopal Conference of Slovakia in 2008 adopted canonic regulations[29] and established its own heraldic consultant.[30]

Armory of notable prelates

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Heraldic societies

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In support of all those interested in genealogy, heraldry and other related disciplines, there is a Slovak genealogical-heraldic society.[31]

References

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  1. ^ "Heraldika". Encyclopaedia Beliana (in Slovak). 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  2. ^ https://www.tyzden.sk/casopis/7235/erb-vlajka-zastava-koruhva/ interview with heraldist Ladislav Vrtel [sk]
  3. ^ https://myturiec.sme.sk/c/6004891/j-novak-rodinne-erby-pre-heraldiku-nie-su-prinosom.html interview with heraldist Jozef Novák [sk]
  4. ^ "Heraldický register Slovenskej republiky, Ministerstvo vnútra SR - Verejná správa". www.minv.sk. (in Slovak) Heraldic register of the Slovak Republic on Ministry of Interior of the Slovak republic website
  5. ^ "302/2001 Z.z. - Zákon o samospráve vyšších územných". (In Slovak)"Law on Self Government of Regions No. 302/2001 Coll."
  6. ^ "369/1990 Zb. - Zákon Slovenskej národnej rady o ob..." Slov-lex. (In Slovak)"Law on Municipal Arrangement No. 369/1990 Coll."
  7. ^ a.s, Petit Press. "Každá obec i mesto musí mať erb". www.sme.sk. (in Slovak) "Every municipality and town has to have coat of arms"
  8. ^ a.s, Petit Press. "Do konca roka musí mať každá obec erb i vlajku". domov.sme.sk. (in Slovak) "By the end of the year every municipality must have a coat of arms and a flag"
  9. ^ "Pre slovenské erby je typický najmä agrárny, banícky a vinohradnícky motív." dobrenoviny.sk (in Slovak)
  10. ^ "English :: KRAJČOVIČ MODRA - R. K. VIN". 16 February 2023.
  11. ^ "Through the Small Carpathians". 24 January 2014.
  12. ^ "Die Karpatendeutschen - Geschichte".
  13. ^ Vrteľ, Ladislav (1999). Osem storočí slovenskej heraldiky – Eight Centuries of Slovak Heraldry (in Slovak). Matica slovenská. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-8308-3430-3.
  14. ^ "História". 9 February 2015.
  15. ^ Vrteľ, Ladislav (1999). Osem storočí slovenskej heraldiky – Eight Centuries of Slovak Heraldry (in Slovak). Matica slovenská. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-8308-3430-3.
  16. ^ "Symboly – Modra".
  17. ^ "Wine-growing - Slovakia.travel".
  18. ^ Vrteľ, Ladislav (1999). Osem storočí slovenskej heraldiky – Eight Centuries of Slovak Heraldry (in Slovak). Matica slovenská. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-8308-3430-3.
  19. ^ Uhrin, Dorottya (13 February 2024). "The Cult of Saint Katherine of Alexandria in Medieval Upper Hungarian Towns". The Hungarian Historical Review. 5 (3): 557–586. JSTOR 44390790.
  20. ^ https://epa.oszk.hu/02400/02460/00017/pdf/EPA02460_hungarian_historical_review_2016_03_557-586.pdf
  21. ^ "Symboly mesta - Mesto Handlová".
  22. ^ "Minerály a horniny Slovenska".
  23. ^ "UNESCO World Heritage – Banská Štiavnica and the Technical Monuments in its Vicinity".
  24. ^ "Immerse yourself in the history and beauty of the Old Castle in Banská Štiavnica". 27 February 2023.
  25. ^ "St. Catherine's Church, Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia - SpottingHistory".
  26. ^ https://epa.oszk.hu/02400/02460/00017/pdf/EPA02460_hungarian_historical_review_2016_03_557-586.pdf
  27. ^ "Ďalším slovenským špecifikom je časté vyobrazenie dvojitého kríža v mestských erboch. Príkladom sú erby Žiliny, Topoľčian, Šurian, Zvolena, Gelnice či Nitry" dobrenoviny.sk (in Slovak)
  28. ^ "Katolicka cirkev na Slovensku".
  29. ^ http://www.cirkevneerby.sk/pril/pc-2.pdf
  30. ^ "Heraldický konzultor - menovací dekrét". Archived from the original on 13 August 2019.
  31. ^ "Slovak genealogical-heraldic society". www.genea.sk.

Further reading

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