Snorri Þorgrímsson (Old Norse: [ˈsnorːe ˈθorˌɡriːmsˌson]; Modern Icelandic: [ˈstnɔrːɪ ˈθɔrˌkrimsˌsɔːn]) or Snorri Goði (O.N.: [ˈɡoðe]; M.I.: [ˈkɔːðɪ]; 963–1031[1]) was a prominent chieftain in Western Iceland, who featured in a number of Icelandic sagas. The main source of his life is the Eyrbyggja saga, in which he is the main character, although he also figures prominently in Njál's saga and the Laxdæla saga. Snorri was the nephew of Gísli Súrsson, the hero of Gísla saga, and son of Þorgrímr Þorsteinsson whom Gísli killed in revenge to fulfill a blood-oath.
Eyrbyggja Saga says of him "He was a very shrewd man with unusual foresight, a long memory and a taste for vengeance. To his friends he gave good counsel, but his enemies learned to fear the advice he gave."[2] Njál's saga says of him "Snorri was reckoned the wisest man in Iceland, not counting those who were prescient".[3]
Background of sources
edit
The main sources of Snorri's life are the semi-historical Icelandic sagas. Historiographically, the distinction between narrative and history did not exist at the time when the sagas were written.[4] However, the sagas develop a "dense and plausible" historical context,[5] with the authenticating details[6] and precision necessary for the narrative.[7] The world within which the local and detailed stories of the individual sagas exist can be confirmed by archaeology and comparison with histories in other languages.[8]
Snorri features prominently in the two sagas which, alongside Egil's saga, make the strongest claim of any Icelandic saga for literary greatness: Njál's saga and the Laxdæla saga.[9] The Laxdæla saga or Saga of the People of Laxardal was written sometime between 1250 and 1270, possibly by a woman.[10][11] "Vast in conception", the grand sweep of the saga's action spans well over a century from AD 890 to 1030.[10] The work is both a family saga and a feud saga, in which "feuds escalate from trivial local squabbles into unstoppable vendettas. The male protagonists are splendid figures who die heroic deaths, while the women are strong characters who engineer much of the action".[12]
Eyrbyggja Saga was written during the 13th century,[13] and like the other sagas it partly draws on written sources such as Landnámabók, and other sagas such as Laxdæla saga. One of Snorri's daughters Þuríðr died in 1112 at the age of 88, and was one of the informants for Ari Þorgilsson, co-author of the first version of Landnámabók.[14]
Life
editFamily and childhood
editSnorri's father Þorgrím was killed by his brother-in-law Gísli Súrsson, just before Snorri's birth. He was originally named Þorgrímr, but because he was a difficult child he was called Snerrir and then later Snorri, both names meaning a turbulent warlike person. His mother Thordis later married her late husband's brother Börkr the Stout, and moved to his property at Helgafell.[15]
Snorri was fostered by Þorbrandr of Álftafjörðr. When he was fourteen he and his foster brothers travelled to Norway where they traded successfully. Some time after coming back, Snorri demanded his inheritance from his uncle and stepfather Börkr. Börkr would not divide Helgafell, and demanded sixty ounces of silver for the whole property. Börkr had granted Snorri fifty ounces before his trading voyage, but presumed, due to Snorri's deceptively humble dress, that this gift had been squandered. However, Snorri was able to produce this from his trading profits, and so he bought Helgafell from Börkr. Thordis also decided to divorce Börkr, and Börkr was required to leave Helgafell.[16]
Snorri married Asdis the daughter of Styr, after helping Styr to plan the killing of two Swedish berserks who were causing trouble for Styr and his family, whilst they were living in Styr's household.[17]
Feuds with Arnkel and others
editThorbjorn the Stout, who was married to Snorri's half sister Thurid (the daughter of Börkr the Stout), accused Geirríðr, the sister of Arnkell Þórólfsson of witchcraft. Arnkell was a chief, and like Snorri one of the most influential men in the area. In the ensuing case Snorri and Arnkell each backed their own families, and Geirrid was cleared of the charge. Thorbjorn later on accused Geirríð's son Þórarinn the Black of stealing his horses. This led to a battle in which Thorbjorn was killed. Snorri pursued the case at the local assembly and had Þórarinn exiled.[18]
Snorri became involved in further disputes with Arnkell Þórólfsson. This included a property dispute between Arnkel and the Thorbrandssons. He and his foster brothers the Thorbrandssons attacked and killed Arnkel whilst he was working on his farm. In the ensuing court case, only one of the assailants Thorleif Thorbrandsson was sentenced to outlawry. This was blamed on the fact that all of Arnkel's heirs were female. This led to a change in the law that decreed that women (and men under sixteen) could not raise a manslaughter action.[19]
Snorri later sided with the Thorbrandssons in their feud with the Thorlakssons. He took part in the battle of Alftafjord on their side, and rescued them after they were all wounded at the battle of Vigrafjord. A settlement was later reached between the two families.[20]
Snorri also attempted to kill Bjorn Asbrandsson who was the lover of his sister Thurid. She was now married to Thorodd the Tribute Trader, a marriage which Snorri had helped to arrange. Bjorn fended off Snorri's attack, but was convinced to leave Iceland.[21] Thurid's son Kjartan was suspected of being the son of Bjorn rather than Thorodd.[22]
Later years
editWhen Iceland converted to Christianity in 1000, Snorri had a church built at Helgafell.[23]
After the killing of Bolli Þorleiksson by the Olafssons, Snorri and Bolli's widow Guðrún Ósvífursdóttir agreed to exchange properties so that she moved to Helgafell, and Snorri moved to Saelingsdale Tongue.[24] Snorri later helped to arrange a peace agreement between the Olafssons and Guðrún's sons.[25]
Snorri also took action over the killing of his father-in-law Styr. The case against the killer was dismissed at the Althing by Thorstein Gislason. In retaliation, Snorri later killed Thorstein and his son Gunnar. This led to further battles between the kinsmen and allies of the two sides. The dispute was eventually settled at the local assembly.[24]
In his later years Snorri successfully led the fight against Ospak Kjallaksson, a farmer who had assembled a gang who had taken to attacking and robbing his neighbours. Ospak and the other leaders of the gang were killed, and the rest made to disperse. Ospak's son was allowed to inherit his father's farm.[26]
At the Althing which followed the burning of Njáll Þorgeirsson, Snorri supported Njal's kinsmen. When fighting broke out, Snorri stopped the retreat of Flosi Thordarsson and the other burners. Snorri and the Lawspeaker Skapti Þóroddsson, both then got their men to separate the two sides, and so stop the fighting. Afterwards Snorri was one of the men chosen to arrange a settlement between the two parties.[27]
Descendants
editSnorri had many children and was able to make marriage alliances with other leading families. For example, his daughter Sigrid married the son of his former opponent Thormod Thorlaksson. His daughter Thordis married Bolli Bollason. Snorri's descendants included the Sturlungs through his son Halldor.[28]
Snorri's son Halldórr was the subject of two tales detailing Halldórr's service in the retinue of the Norwegian king Haraldr Sigurðarson.
In later fiction
editSnorri Goði also features in Allen French's historical novel The Story of Rolf and the Viking Bow, in Tim Severin's historical saga Viking, and in Jeff Janoda's historical novel Saga.
Footnotes
edit- ^ Palsson and Edwards, p 13
- ^ Eyrbyggya Saga, chapter 15
- ^ Njál's Saga chapter 114
- ^ Thorsson, p xxx
- ^ Thorsson, p xxxv
- ^ Thorsson, p xxvii
- ^ Thorsson, p xxxvii
- ^ Thorsson, p xxxi
- ^ Thorsson, p xii
- ^ a b Thorsson, p 270
- ^ Thorsson, p 274-275
- ^ Thorsson, p lxi
- ^ Palsson and Edwards p 2
- ^ Palsson and Edwards pp. 12-14
- ^ Eyrbyggja Saga chapter 12
- ^ Eyrbyggja Saga chapter 14
- ^ Eyrbyggja Saga chapter 28
- ^ Eyrbyggja Saga chapters 16-22
- ^ Eyrbyggja Saga chapters 37-38
- ^ Eyrbyggja Saga chapters 44-46
- ^ Eyrbyggja Saga chapter 47
- ^ Eyrbyggja Saga chapter 40
- ^ Eyrbyggja Saga chapter 49
- ^ a b Eyrbyggja Saga chapter 56
- ^ Laxdæla Saga chapter 71
- ^ Eyrbyggja Saga chapter 62
- ^ Njál's Saga chapter 145
- ^ Eyrbyggja Saga chapter 65
References
edit- Eyrbyggja Saga. Palsson, Hermann; Edwards, Paul (trans.). Penguin Classics. 1972.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - Laxdæla Saga. Magnusson, Magnus; Palsson, Hermann (trans.). Penguin Classics. 1969.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - Njal's Saga. Magnusson, Magnus; Palsson, Hermann (trans.). Penguin Classics. 1960.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - Grettir's Saga. Scudder, Bernard (trans.). Penguin Classics. 2005.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - The Sagas of Icelanders: a selection. Örnólfur Thorsson, et al. (eds.). Penguin Books. 2000.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
External links
editPrimary source material
edit- Eyrbyggja saga, full text and English translation at the Icelandic Saga Database
- Laxdæla saga, full text and English translation at the Icelandic Saga Database
- Njál's saga, full text and English translation at the Icelandic Saga Database