Sodium gluconate

Sodium gluconate is a compound with formula NaC₆H₁₁O₇. It is the sodium salt of gluconic acid. Its E number is E576. This white, water-soluble powder has a wide range of applications across industries. Originally derived from gluconic acid in the 19th century, Sodium Gluconate is known for its chelating properties and is utilized as a chelating agent in various processes. It finds applications in textile, metal surface treatment, cement, and more. Moreover, its non-toxic nature and biodegradability contribute to its use in environmentally conscious practices.

Sodium gluconate

Names
IUPAC name Sodium (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate
Other names Sodium D-gluconate
Identifiers
CAS Number	527-07-1 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:84997 N
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1200919 N
ChemSpider	76397 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.007.644
E number	E576 (acidity regulators, ...)
PubChem CID	23672301
UNII	R6Q3791S76 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID7027170
InChI InChI=1S/C6H12O7.Na/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;+1/p-1/t2-,3-,4+,5-;/m1./s1 Y Key: UPMFZISCCZSDND-JJKGCWMISA-M Y InChI=1S/C6H12O7.Na/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;+1/p-1/t2-,3-,4+,5-;/m1./s1
SMILES [Na+].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO
Properties
Chemical formula	C6H11NaO7
Molar mass	218.137 g·mol−1
Appearance	White powder
Odor	Odorless
Solubility in water	58 g/100 mL
Solubility in ethanol and diethyl ether	Slightly soluble
Hazards
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	10380 mg/kg (oral, rat)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Production

Sodium Gluconate can be produced through the fermentation process or chemical synthesis. In the fermentation process, glucose is fermented by certain microorganisms, typically strains of Aspergillus niger or Pseudomonas. Gluconic acid is the primary product of this fermentation, and Sodium Gluconate is derived by neutralizing gluconic acid with sodium hydroxide.

Source of Gluconic Acid: The production of Sodium Gluconate commences with its precursor, gluconic acid. This organic acid is often obtained through a fermentation process. Glucose, or other sugar sources, serves as the substrate for microorganisms, typically bacteria or fungi, to produce gluconic acid.

Conversion to Sodium Gluconate: Once gluconic acid is harvested, it undergoes a transformation into Sodium Gluconate. The conversion primarily involves a chemical reaction where gluconic acid is neutralized with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). This reaction results in the formation of Sodium Gluconate, where the sodium ions (Na+) replace the hydrogen ions (H+) in gluconic acid.

Purification and Crystallization: Purification often includes filtration and chemical treatments to achieve the desired level of purity. Following purification, the solution is subjected to crystallization.

Drying and Packaging: After crystallization, the Sodium Gluconate crystals still contain residual moisture. Drying may involve processes like air drying or spray drying.

Applications

Sodium Gluconate's early uses were primarily in medicine due to its mild and non-toxic properties. Over time, its applications expanded to various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, construction, textiles, and more, as its versatile properties and safety profile became more widely recognized.

Food Industry: Sodium Gluconate is used as a food additive for various purposes, including as a sequestrant to prevent metal ions from affecting the color, flavor, or stability of food products.

Construction: Sodium Gluconate is employed in the construction industry as a concrete admixture. It acts as a water reducer and retarder, enhancing the workability and performance of concrete.

Textiles: In textile dyeing and printing, it is utilized as a chelating agent to improve color fastness.

Metallurgy: Sodium Gluconate is employed for metal surface treatment and cleaning, particularly for steel surfaces.

Cleaning Products: It can be found in cleaning agents for glass bottles and as a chelating agent in various cleaning formulations.

Safety and Regulation

Sodium Gluconate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for consumption by regulatory authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is considered non-toxic and safe for use in food and pharmaceuticals.

Environmental Impact

Sodium Gluconate is known for its biodegradability, which means it can break down naturally in the environment. It is considered environmentally friendly.