Sofia Kawawa (née Selemani Mkwela, 12 August 1936 – 1994) was one of the co-founders of the Tanzania Women's Union (UWT). She was a member of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) party and later Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM).

Sofia Kawawa
Sofia Kawawa
2nd Chairwoman Union of Women of Tanzania
In office
15 May 1980 – 18 April 1990
Personal details
Born12 August 1936
Masonya Village, Tunduru, Ruvuma
Died11 February 1994(1994-02-11) (aged 57)
Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Resting placeMadale Dar es Salaam
NationalityTanzanian
Political partyTANU, CCM
SpouseRashid Kawawa (m. 1951)
Children8,including Vita Kawawa
OccupationActivist/politician

Early life

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Sofia Kawawa was born on August 12, 1936, in the southern Masonya village, which was part of the Tunduru District in the Ruvuma region. Kawawa’s parents enrolled her in primary school; after her father died, her brother paid her school fees. She completed her education at Tabora Girls School in 1950. The next year, at 15, she married Rashidi Mfaume Kawawa, who later became the first Prime Minister of Tanzania.[1]

Kawawa became a prominent figure in the fight for gender equality because colonial misogyny defined her early life. The British colonial education system focused on boys’ education at the expense of girls’, and the imbalance was heavily entrenched in Tanzanian society.[2] Very few girls were able to attain an education, and Kawawa’s family was privileged to send her to school. Colonial ideas about gender marginalized women, especially in employment, because they emphasized rural women performing domestic and agricultural labor. Careers for women were scarce, and without an education, most remained trapped in agricultural work.[3] This was the case with Kawawa’s mother, who was restricted to agricultural work by colonial policies. Kawawa used her marriage and education to advance her social status and champion women’s rights.

Political career

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By 1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar declared independence and unified to form Tanzania. Organized discontent within the colonies played a large part in dismantling colonial structures.[4] In 1955, Kawawa joined the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) before her husband and became one of the first women in the party. The women of TANU used their shared identities to strengthen the party. They transformed small community groups into political action networks through which they could exchange information, attend rallies and marches, and fundraise.[5] These groups were especially important in rural areas, which were more difficult to unify. Compared to her husband, whose involvement in trade unions allowed him access to politics, Kawawa did not have a large official role in the independence movement.[6] Colonial mentalities about women’s places in society persisted. Despite their contributions to TANU’s strength and popularity, Kawawa and other women were expected to fulfill traditional feminine roles.

With Bibi Titi Mohamed, Kawawa helped found the Tanzania Women’s Union (UWT) in 1962 to fight for inclusion in ujamaa. The socialist ideology was based on an idealized view of a pre-colonial, self-reliant Africa, but in practice, it emphasized Western, disconnected nuclear families. After decolonization, women faced largely the same discrimination in society. They were expected to be devoted to motherhood by giving birth to sons who would usher in social development, rather than to be agents of change.[7] Kawawa had already shown her ability to unify rural and urban women through TANU, and she sought to create the UWT to make politics more accessible to women. Organizations aimed solely at women were the most visible forms of political mobilization, and tended to focus on literacy, health, financial stability, and hygiene.[8] Female activists used the societal emphasis on motherhood to gain more members by comparing reproductive power to the political power TANU and UWT membership held.[9]

Kawawa’s position as the wife of a high-profile politician allowed her to enter politics more easily. The emphasis on motherhood had an especially significant impact given that women needed enough power to break through male-dominated careers. Women often put aside their professional goals to take care of children and the home, while men were able to leave and financially support the family.[10] Kawawa succeeded Bibi Titi as chairman of the UWT in 1967 and established herself as a strong advocate for women’s rights. She fought for more equitable access to education for girls and adults and paid maternity leave for all working women, and criticized Islamic rules such as polygamy. Tanzanian women supported Kawawa as chairman until 1990. Kawawa redefined the role of women in Tanzanian society through the UWT and sought to improve the lives of girls through social development.[11]

Mama Kawawa and other activists had a slogan saying "It must be from the grassroots stems". She campaigned for women to be leaders. She helped Anna Abdallah and Gertrude Mongella become members of parliament.

This is the fruits of her work of planting 50/50 seeds that today activists and politicians want women and men's participation to be 50/50.

References

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  1. ^ Atikali, Mzee wa (21 March 2023). "Sofia Kawawa: The Legendary Mouthpiece for Tanzanian Women". The Chanzo. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  2. ^ Mhajida, Samwel (January 2021). "Motherhood, Career Development, and Modernization: Experiences of Early Post-Colonial Tanzanian Women". Journal of Education, Humanities and Sciences. 10 (2): 3–7 – via ResearchGate.
  3. ^ Geiger, Susan (1997). TANU Women: Gender and Culture in the Making of Tanganyikan Nationalism, 1955-1965. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. pp. 22–87.
  4. ^ Harms, Robert Wayne (2018). Africa in global history: with sources (1st ed.). New York (N. Y.): W.W. Norton and Company. p. 567. ISBN 978-0-393-92757-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  5. ^ Geiger, Susan (1996). "Tanganyikan Nationalism as 'Women's Work': Life Histories, Collective Biography and Changing Historiography". The Journal of African History. 37 (3): 470. ISSN 0021-8537.
  6. ^ Geiger, Susan (1997). TANU Women: Gender and Culture in the Making of Tanganyikan Nationalism, 1955-1965. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. pp. 22–87.
  7. ^ Lal, Priya (2010). "Militants, Mothers, and the National Family: "Ujamaa", Gender, and Rural Development in Postcolonial Tanzania". The Journal of African History. 51 (1): 6. ISSN 0021-8537.
  8. ^ Tripp, Aili Mari (25 February 2019), "Women's Political Movements and Civil Society in Africa", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.713, ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7, retrieved 3 May 2024
  9. ^ Berger, Iris (2014). "African Women's Movements in the Twentieth Century: A Hidden History". African Studies Review. 57 (3): 13. ISSN 0002-0206.
  10. ^ Mhajida, Samwel (January 2021). "Motherhood, Career Development, and Modernization: Experiences of Early Post-Colonial Tanzanian Women". Journal of Education, Humanities and Sciences. 10 (2): 3–7 – via ResearchGate.
  11. ^ Atikali, Mzee wa (21 March 2023). "Sofia Kawawa: The Legendary Mouthpiece for Tanzanian Women". The Chanzo. Retrieved 23 April 2024.

Sources

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