The Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 (c. 76) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was designed to reaffirm British legal rule in Southern Rhodesia after Rhodesia had unilaterally declared independence. In practice, it only enforced the status of Southern Rhodesia as a British colony in British constitutional theory as the Rhodesian government did not recognise it.[1]
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Act to make further provision with respect to Southern Rhodesia |
|---|---|
| Citation | 1965 c. 76 |
| Territorial extent | |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 16 November 1965 |
| Commencement | 16 November 1965 |
| Repealed | 18 April 1980 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Zimbabwe Act 1979 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Text of the Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. | |
History
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On 11 November 1965, the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia Ian Smith declared Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the British Empire after the British Government refused to grant independence with White minority rule was still in place.[2] Within five days, the Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 had passed through Parliament and had received royal assent from Queen Elizabeth II.[3] The Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 stated that Southern Rhodesia was still legally a British colony and affirmed to the Queen the power to govern Southern Rhodesia via Orders in Council including amending the constitution and enforce legal restrictions upon them unilaterally.[4]
Effect
editThe first use of the act was when the Queen issued an Order-in-Council to suspend the Southern Rhodesian Constitution and legally sacked the Rhodesian Front government.[5] This gave formal effect to Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs dismissing the Rhodesian Front government within hours of the UDI, acting on orders from Whitehall.
The act was intended to show that the British Government alone had authority in Southern Rhodesia in theory. However, in practice, the act was largely ignored in Rhodesia and the government continued to meet as they considered that it was in violation of the constitutional convention that Westminster did not legislate for Southern Rhodesia without their consent.[6] Additionally, it maintained that "in view of the new [Rhodesian] constitution" adopted as an annex to the UDI, the Crown's reserve power to sack the government no longer existed.[7][8]
The Rhodesian Front government initially maintained allegiance to Queen Elizabeth II. It attempted to reconstitute Rhodesia as a Commonwealth realm, recognising Elizabeth as Queen of Rhodesia. Prime Minister Ian Smith even went as far as advising the Queen to appoint a Governor-General as her representative in Rhodesia, acting on his claimed prerogatives as Her Majesty's Rhodesian Prime Minister. However, Queen Elizabeth II turned down this "purported advice." Ultimately, in 1970, Rhodesia unilaterally declared itself a republic after the Queen refused to recognise the title as legal.[9] In 1978, when Southern Rhodesia proposed an Internal Settlement to instigate black majority rule, the United Nations rejected it.[10] The act was repealed by the Zimbabwe Act 1979 after Rhodesia voluntarily returned to its former status as a British colony in order for multiracial elections and internationally recognised independence as Zimbabwe.[11]
References
edit- ^ "Southern Rhodesia Act 1965". Legislation.gov. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
- ^ "Zimbabwe profile". BBC News. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
- ^ "Southern Rhodesia Act 1965" (PDF). National Archives. Retrieved 9 March 2018 – via CVCE.
- ^ "United Kingdom: Southern Rhodesia Act 1965". International Legal Materials. 5 (2): 232–234. 1966. doi:10.1017/S0020782900046970. JSTOR 20690038. S2CID 248993968.
- ^ "Financing Rebellion: The Rhodesian State Financial Policy and Exchange Control 1962-1979" (PDF). University of the Free State. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
- ^ Ryan, Mark (2014). Unlocking Constitutional and Administrative Law. Routledge. p. 160. ISBN 978-1444179620.
- ^ Bulletin, Volumes 3-4, Africa Institute of South Africa, 1965, pages 12-13
- ^ Rhodesian independence, (Interim history), Robert W. Peterson, Facts on File, 1971, page 34
- ^ The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 20, page 659, 1971
- ^ "Resolution 423(1978)". United Nations. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
- ^ "Zimbabwe Act 1979". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2018.