Wikipedia

Southern Thailand

(Redirected from Southern Siam)
"Southern Thai" redirects here. For language, see Southern Thai language.

Southern Thailand, Southern Siam or Tambralinga is a southernmost cultural region of Thailand, separated from Central Thailand region by the Kra Isthmus.

Southern Region
Paktai (ปักษ์ใต้)
Region
Sunrise Thailand Ko Samui
Tarutao National Park
Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan
Rajjaprabha Dam
Phuket City
From upper-left to lower-right: Sunrise Thailand Ko Samui, Tarutao National Park, Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan, Rajjaprabha Dam and Phuket City.
Southern Region in Thailand
Southern Region in Thailand
Largest cityHat Yai (Gulf of Thailand)
Phuket (Andaman Sea)
Provinces
14 Provinces
Area
[1]
 • Total
73,848 km2 (28,513 sq mi)
Population
 (2018)[2]
 • Total
9,454,193
 • Density134/km2 (350/sq mi)
DemonymSouthern Thai
GDP
[3]
 • TotalUS$45.6 billion (2019)
Time zoneUTC+07:00 (ICT)
LanguageSouthern Thai • Pattani Malay • Satun Malay • Mos • Urak Lawoi' • Moklen • Hokkien etc.

Geography

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Khao Sok National Park, Surat Thani

Southern Thailand is on the Malay Peninsula, with an area of around 70,714 km2 (27,303 sq mi), bounded to the north by Kra Isthmus, the narrowest part of the peninsula. The western part has highly steep coasts, while on the east side river plains dominate. The largest river in the south is the Tapi, in Surat Thani, which, together with the Phum Duang in Surat Thani, drains more than 8,000 km2 (3,100 sq mi), more than 10 percent of the total area of southern Thailand. Smaller rivers include the Pattani, Saiburi, Krabi, and the Trang. The largest lake in the south is Songkhla Lake (1,040 km2 (400 sq mi) altogether). The largest artificial lake is the Chiao Lan (Ratchaprapha Dam), occupying 165 km2 (64 sq mi) of Khao Sok National Park in Surat Thani. The total forest area is 17,964 km2 (6,936 sq mi) or 24.3 percent of provincial area.[1]

 
Ko Lao Liang Phi

Running through the middle of the peninsula are several mountain chains, with the highest elevation at Khao Luang, 1,835 m (6,020 ft), in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Ranging from the Kra Isthmus to Phuket Island is the Phuket chain, which connects to the Tanao Si Mountain Range further north. Almost parallel to the Phuket chain but 100 km (60 mi) to the east is the Nakhon Si Thammarat, or Banthat, chain, which begins with Samui Island, Ko Pha Ngan, and Ko Tao in Surat Thani Province and ends at the Malaysian border at the Ko Ta Ru Tao archipelago. The border with Malaysia is formed by the Sankalakhiri range, sometimes sub-divided into the Pattani, Taluban, and Songkhla chain. At the Malaysian border, the Titiwangsa chain rises.

The limestone of the west coast has been eroded into many steep singular hills. The parts submerged by the rising sea after the Last Ice Age now form many islands, like the well-known Phi Phi Islands.[citation needed] Also well known is the so-called James Bond Island in Phang Nga Bay, featured in the movie The Man with the Golden Gun.

The population of the growing region is projected to be 9,156,000 in 2015, up from 8,871,003 in 2010 (census count and adjusted). Although those figures are adjusted for citizens who have left for Bangkok or who moved to the region from elsewhere, as well as registered permanent residents (residency was problematic in the prior 2000 census), the figure is still misleading.[citation needed] There are still a huge number of migrant or informal workers, temporary workers and even stateless people and a large expatriate population, which are not included.[4]

Most of southern Thailand is in Tenasserim-South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests ecoregion. The Peninsular Malaysian rain forests and Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests ecoregions extend into southernmost Thailand along the border with Malaysia.[5]

History

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Wat Phra Baromathat, Nakhon Si Thammarat, an old and important temple
 
Pagoda in Javanese or Sailendran-style, Chaiya, Surat Thani
 
Malay Muslim provinces in southern Thailand and northern Malaysia.

The Malay Peninsula has been settled since prehistoric times. Archeological remains were found in several caves, some used for dwellings, others as burial sites. The oldest remains were found in Lang Rongrien Cave, dating 38,000 to 27,000 years before present, and in the contemporary Moh Khiew cave.

In the first millennium, Chinese chronicles mention several coastal cities or city-states. No exact geographical locations were recorded and so the identification of these cities with later settlements is difficult. The most important of those states were Langkasuka, usually considered a precursor of the Patani Kingdom; Tambralinga, probably the precursor of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom, or P'an-p'an in Phunphin district, Surat Thani, probably located at the Bandon Bay Tapi River. The cities were highly influenced by Indian culture, and have adopted Brahman or Buddhist religion. When Srivijaya in Chaiya extended its sphere of influence, those cities became tributary states of Srivijaya. The city Chaiya in Surat Thani Province contains several ruins from Srivijaya times, and was probably a regional capital of the kingdom. Some Thai historians even claim that it was the capital of the kingdom itself for some time, but this is disputed.

After Srivijaya lost its influence, Nakhon Si Thammarat became the dominant kingdom of the area. During the rule of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of Sukhothai, Thai influence first reached Nakhon Si Thammarat. According to the Ramkhamhaeng inscription, Nakhon Si Thammarat was a tributary state of Sukhothai. During most of later periods, Nakhon became a tributary of Ayutthaya.

The deep south belonged to the Malay sultanates of Pattani and Kedah, while the northernmost part of the peninsula was under the control of Bangkok.

During the Thesaphiban reforms at the end of the 19th century, both Nakhon Si Thammarat and Pattani were incorporated into the central state. The area was subdivided into 5 monthon, which were installed to control the city states (mueang). Minor mueang were merged into larger ones, thus forming the present 14 provinces. With the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 the boundary to Malaysia was fixed. Kedah came under British control, while Pattani stayed with Siam.

Languages

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Main articles: Southern Thai language, Kelantan-Pattani Malay, and Thai language

The largest native language is Southern Thai (Thai: ภาษาไทยใต้ [pʰaːsǎː tʰajtâːj]), also known as Pak Thai or Dambro (Thai: ภาษาตามโพร [pʰaːsǎː taːmpʰroː]), which is a southwestern Tai language spoken in the 14 changwat of southern Thailand as well as by small Thai communities in the northernmost Malaysian states. It is spoken natively by roughly five million people and as a second language by the 1.5 million native speakers of Patani Malay, along with other ethnic groups such as the local Negritos communities, and other tribal groups.[citation needed]

Although Central Thai is the sole official language in Thailand and most people are able to communicate in Central Thai, the language is only the third largest native language in southern Thailand, with roughly four hundred thousand native speakers. In particular, it is native only among the Teochew, Hoklo, Hakka and Cantonese ethnic groups, particularly in their major ethnic enclaves like Hat Yai and Bandon districts; their dialect is very similar to the Krungthep dialect (the upper-class dialect of Bangkok) but is seasoned with some Southern Thai loanwords.

Administrative divisions

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The Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) identities Southern Thailand as 14 provinces.[6]
The Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) includes for Southern Thailand (east coast) also the two provinces of Prachuap Khiri Khan and Phetchaburi.[7]

  Name Thai Area Pop.[2] Dens. Annual
income 		Poverty
Ratio 		Coastal
region
1   Chumphon ชุมพร 6,009.0 510,963 85 351,672 5.4% East
2   Nakhon Si Thammarat นครศรีธรรมราช 9,942.5 1,560,433 157 301,488 8.1% East
3   Narathiwat นราธิวาส 4,475.0 802,474 179 238,680 37.3% East
4   Pattani ปัตตานี 1,940.4 718,077 370 210,156 36.0% East
5   Phatthalung พัทลุง 3,424.5 525,044 153 257,736 14.0% East
6   Songkhla สงขลา 7,393.9 1,432,628 194 331,920 8.2% East
7   Surat Thani สุราษฎร์ธานี 12,891.5 1,063,501 83 437,592 1.4% East
8   Yala ยะลา 4,521.1 532,326 118 187,008 21.2% East
9   Krabi กระบี่ 4,709.0 473,738 101 372,132 6.4% West
10   Phang Nga พังงา 4,170.0 268,240 64 346,104 5.1% West
11   Phuket ภูเก็ต 543.0 410,211 755 378,000 0.5% West
12   Ranong ระนอง 3,298.0 191,868 58 264,420 16.6% West
13   Satun สตูล 2,479.0 321,574 130 278,496 5.8% West
14   Trang ตรัง 4,917.5 643,116 131 279,708 15.9% West
Average household annual income in 2015 (Thai baht).[8]
Poverty Ratio in 2016.[9]

Demography

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Southern Thailand has 9.454 million inhabitants and its population density is 134 per square kilometre (350/sq mi).[2]

Ten major cities

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No. Name Pop. Metropolitan
1 Hat Yai 159,627 397,379 in Hat Yai District.
2 Surat Thani 130,114 177,242 in Mueang Surat Thani District.
3 Nakhon Si Thammarat 104,948 271,330 in Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat District.
4 Phuket 78,923 238,866 in Mueang Phuket District.
5 Ko Samui 65,847 82,900 in Ko Samui–Ko Pha Ngan.
6 Songkhla 64,602 163,083 in Mueang Songkhla District.
7 Yala 61,293 167,582 in Mueang Yala District.
8 Trang 59,999 156,115 in Mueang Trang District.
9 Pattani 44,900 130,178 in Mueang Pattani District.
10 Narathiwat 41,572 124,049 in Mueang Narathiwat District.

Religion

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Main article: Religion in Thailand

Religion in Southern Thailand (2015 census)[10]

  Buddhism (73.45%)
  Islam (26.33%)
  Christianity (0.21%)
  Sikhism (0.005%)
  Other religions (0.004%)
  No religion (0.008%)

Thailand is a Buddhist-majority country. About 93.46% in Thailand follow Buddhism.[11] Buddhism is the majority religion in southern Thailand as well but makes up 75.45% of the region's people.[10] The Thai follow Theravada Buddhism. Minority ethnic groups such as Khmer also follow Buddhism, and 10 of the 14 provinces in southern Thailand have Buddhist majorities.

Islam constitutes 24.33% of Southern Thailand even though it constitutes only 5.36% of the whole country.[10] Islam is mostly followed by the Malay people in Southernmost Thailand: Yala, Pattani, Naratiwat and Satun provinces, near Malaysia. There is also a small Thai Muslim population.

Christianity makes up 0.21% of Southern Thailand's population. Sikhism makes up 0.05% in the region and is practiced by Indian immigrants.[10]

Economy

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The bulk of the region's population relies on agriculture for 27 percent of its gross regional product in 2014. It is followed by industry (12 percent), trade (10 percent), transportation (9 percent), tourism (8 percent), and construction and property (7 percent).[12]

For FY 2018, Southern Thailand Region had a combined economic output of 1,402 trillion baht (US$45.2 billion), or 8.6 percent of Thailand's GDP. Surat Thani province had an economic output of 206.869 billion baht (US$6.67 billion), which is equal to a GPP per capita of 182,371 baht (US$5,883), more than double for Yala province, which is fifth and more than three times for Narathiwat province, lowest in the ranking.[13]

Gross Provincial Product (GPP)
Rank Province GPP
(million baht) 		Population
(x 1000) 		GPP per capita (baht)
1 Surat Thani 206,869 1,134 182,371
2 Chumphon 87,746 498 176,200
3 Songkhla 248,386 1,635 151,918
4 Nakhon Si Thammarat 164,375 1,507 109,050
5 Yala 43,006 468 91,815
6 Pattani 48,549 641 75,697
7 Phatthalung 36,006 492 73,213
8 Narathiwat 44,778 721 62,066
  East coast 879,715 7,096 123,973
Gross Provincial Product (GPP)
Rank Province GPP
(million baht) 		Population
(x 1000) 		GPP per capita (baht)
1 Phuket 234,028 580 403,534
2 Phang-nga 78,493 250 313,919
3 Krabi 86,684 418 207,415
4 Satun 31,215 290 107,505
5 Ranong 28,014 269 103,966
6 Trang 64,586 630 102,589
  West coast 523,020 2,437 214,616

Transportation

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Southern Thailand is connected with Bangkok by railway and highway. Several regional airports are located at the larger towns. The transportation hub of all of southern Thailand is Hat Yai.

Road

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Phetkasem Road, the longest road in Thailand, runs from Bangkok along the Kra Isthmus and then along the west coast of the peninsula. From Trang, it crosses over to the east coast to Hat Yai, and ends at the Malaysian border.

Two Asian highways run through southern Thailand: Asian Highway 2 runs mostly parallel to the railroad all the way from Bangkok. It crosses to Malaysia at Sadao, and continues on the west side of the peninsula. Asian Highway 18 begins in Hat Yai and runs south along the east coast, crossing to Malaysia at Sungai Kolok.

 
Ko Samui Airport
 
Ko Samui Airport runway
 
Hat Yai Airport

Rail

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The southern railway connects Bangkok to Hat Yai and continues from there to Sungai Kolok. There are branches from Ban Thung Phoe Junction to Kirirat Nikhom. Two smaller branches of the railway run from Thung Song to Trang and Nakhon Si Thammarat and from Hat Yai Junction to Malaysia and Singapore.

Air

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Southern Thailand has five international airports and six domestic airports. As of 2018 Thailand's transport ministry is constructing the 1.9 billion baht Betong Airport. It is scheduled for completion in 2020.[14]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "ตารางที่ 2 พี้นที่ป่าไม้ แยกรายจังหวัด พ.ศ.2562" [Table 2 Forest area Separate province year 2019]. Royal Forest Department (in Thai). 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2021, information, Forest statistics Year 2019.
  2. ^ a b c "รายงานสถิติจำนวนประชากรและบ้านประจำปี พ.ศ.2561" [Statistics, population and house statistics for the year 2018]. Registration Office Department of the Interior, Ministry of the Interior (in Thai). 31 December 2018. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  3. ^ "Gross Regional and Provincial Product, 2019 Edition". <>. Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC). July 2019. ISSN 1686-0799. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  4. ^ "Thailand: Major Cities, Towns & Communes - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information".
  5. ^ Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press.
  6. ^ "Revisions to the Gross Regional and Provincial Product 2016 Edition". nesdb.go.th. The Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB). July 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2019. page 35 The South
  7. ^ "Weather - Southern-east coast". tmd.go.th. Thai Meteorological Department. 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  8. ^ ดัชนีความก้าวหน้าของคน ปี2560 [Human Achievement Index - HAI year 2017] (PDF). social.nesdb.go.th (Report) (in Thai). National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB). 2017. pp. 149–165. ISBN 978-974-9769-33-1. Retrieved 14 September 2019, sub 5.64-5.77 section: Average household income per month{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  9. ^ ดัชนีความก้าวหน้าของคน ปี2560 [Human Achievement Index - HAI year 2017] (PDF). social.nesdb.go.th (Report) (in Thai). National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB). 2017. pp. 149–165. ISBN 978-974-9769-33-1. Retrieved 14 September 2019, sub 5.64-5.77 section: Poverty Ratio{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  10. ^ a b c d "Population by religion, region and area, 2015" (PDF). NSO. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  11. ^ "Population by religion, region and area, 2018". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  12. ^ Wangkiat, Paritta (25 August 2017). "Songkhla power plant sit-in an energy wake-up call". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  13. ^ Phitsanulok Provincial Statistical Report 2562-2019: Economic Statistics - National Accounts. Phitsanulok Provincial Statistical Office (Report). National Statistical Office (NSO). 2020. pp. 96–97. ISSN 1905-8314.
  14. ^ Sritama, Suchat (27 August 2018). "Better days around the bend". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 27 August 2018.

Further reading

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  • Suthiwong Pongpaiboon. Southern Thai Cultural Structures and Dynamics Vis-à-vis Development. ISBN 974-9553-75-6.
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