The Sovietization of Cuba is a historiographical model proposed by scholars like political scientist Piero Gleijeses, and economist Carmelo Mesa-Lago. The sovietization thesis defines Cuba's political developments, and military actions, in the 1970s, completely in relation to the Soviet Union. The thesis proposes that Cuba's economic dependence on the Soviet Union, encouraged the Cuban government to model itself after the Soviet Union, and for the Cuban military to follow Soviet whims.[1] According to Mesa-Lago, the sovietization of Cuba, reduced Cuba to a state subordinate to the Soviet Union, akin to how Batista's Cuba was subordinate to the United States.[2]
Background
editPolitical consolidation in Cuba
editIn February 1960, Khrushchev sent his deputy, Anastas Mikoyan, to Cuba to discover what motivated Castro, who had returned from failed trip to Washington, DC, where he was refused a meeting with US president Dwight Eisenhower.[3] According to reports, Khrushchev's aides had initially tried to characterize Castro as an untrustworthy American agent.[4]
Washington's increasing economic embargo led Cuba to seek new markets in a hurry to avert economic disaster. Cuba and the Soviet Union signed their first trade deal in 1960, in which Cuba traded sugar to the Soviet Union in exchange for fuel.[5]: 2
To consolidate "Socialist Cuba", Castro united the MR-26-7, PSP and Revolutionary Directorate into a governing party based on the Leninist principle of democratic centralism: the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (Organizaciones Revolucionarias Integradas – ORI), renamed the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC) in 1962.[6] Although the USSR was hesitant regarding Castro's embrace of socialism,[7] relations with the Soviets deepened. Castro sent Fidelito for a Moscow schooling,[8] Soviet technicians arrived on the island,[8] and Castro was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.[9] In December 1961, Castro admitted that he had been a Marxist–Leninist for years, and in his Second Declaration of Havana he called on Latin America to rise up in revolution.[10] In response, the US successfully pushed the Organization of American States to expel Cuba; the Soviets privately reprimanded Castro for recklessness, although he received praise from China.[11] Despite their ideological affinity with China, in the Sino-Soviet split, Cuba allied with the wealthier Soviets, who offered economic and military aid.[12]
The ORI began shaping Cuba using the Soviet model, persecuting political opponents and perceived social deviants such as prostitutes and homosexuals; Castro considered same-sex sexual activity a bourgeois trait.[13]
Sovietization
editSovietization of culture
editAccording to historian Lillian Guerra, the "Grey years" of the 1970s in Cuba, are a direct result of the sovietization of Cuba. Since Cuba was able to gain economic stability through soviet aid, Cuba was then able to focus on domestic culture, and on enforcing ideological conformity. Thus to Guerra, the era of tight censorship known as the "grey years" was a symptom of the wider sovietization of Cuba.[14]
According to Aviva Chomsky, despite Sovietization, Cuban popular culture was more connected to American popular culture, than Soviet culture. This was caused by many Cubans family ties to relatives in the United States, and the fact that visiting Russians spoke a foreign language that Cubans were less familiar with compared to English.[15]
Sovietization of the economy
editFive years after the failed 1970 zafra, debates ignited within the government as to how the economy should be revitalized. By 1975, the System for Economic Management and Planning, was formed, and in 1976, the Organs of Peoples Power, was formed to conduct economic planning. The Organs of Peoples Power was directly modeled after soviet administrative systems.[16]
Cuba also began undergoing small-scale privatization, and offering material-incentives for extra labor time, both policies were in line with Soviet economic policy. As the Cuban economy was organizing itself based on the Soviet model, the Soviet Union began to increase its aid money throughout the 1970s, and 1980s.[17]
Sovietization of the military
editThe Cuban military began making administrative changes in 1973. The new training program allowed promising officers to take training programs in the Soviet Union. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the Cuban military engaged in various interventions throughout Africa. Despite the capability of the Cuban military, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Cuban military cut its enlisted personal by two thirds.[18]
Criticism of Sovietization thesis
editHistorian Anna Clayfield argues that Soviet influence does not wholly explain the political developments in Cuba in the 1970s. Clayfield argues that the Cuban intervention in Angola represented a clear break from Soviet foreign policy, and the constant promotion of national poet Jose Marti in Cuban media, represented a distinctly Cuban approach to culture, meaning Cuban culture did not become completely sovietized.[19]
References
edit- ^ Cuba's Forgotten Decade How the 1970s Shaped the Revolution. Lexington Books. 2018. p. 27-28. ISBN 9781498568746.
- ^ Cuban Political Economy Controversies In Cubanology. Taylor and Francis. 2019. p. The Sovietization of Cuba Thesis revisited. ISBN 9780429721953.
- ^ Castro: The great survivor BBC News
- ^ The Cuban Missile Crisis as seen from the Kremlin Archived 2006-06-18 at the Wayback Machine American Heritage
- ^ Cederlöf, Gustav (2023). The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba. Critical environments: nature, science, and politics. Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-39313-4.
- ^ Bourne 1986, p. 230; Geyer 1991, p. 276; Quirk 1993, pp. 387, 396; Coltman 2003, p. 188.
- ^ Geyer 1991, pp. 274–275; Quirk 1993, pp. 385–386.
- ^ a b Bourne 1986, p. 231; Coltman 2003, p. 188.
- ^ Quirk 1993, p. 405.
- ^ Bourne 1986, pp. 230–234; Geyer 1991, p. 274; Quirk 1993, pp. 395, 400–401; Coltman 2003, p. 190.
- ^ Bourne 1986, pp. 232–234; Quirk 1993, pp. 397–401; Coltman 2003, p. 190.
- ^ Bourne 1986, p. 232; Quirk 1993, p. 397.
- ^ Bourne 1986, p. 233.
- ^ Guerra, Lillian. Patriots and Traitors in Revolutionary Cuba, 1961–1981. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. Chapter 7. ISBN 9780822989783.
- ^ Chomsky, Aviva (2015). A History of the Cuban Revolution. Wiley. p. 46. ISBN 9781118942291.
- ^ Kapcia, Antoni (2020). A Short History of Revolutionary Cuba Revolution, Power, Authority and the State from 1959 to the Present Day. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 9781786736475.
- ^ Martinez-Fernandez, Luis (2014). Revolutionary Cuba A History. University Press of Florida. p. 129-135. ISBN 9780813048765.
- ^ Henken, Ted (2008). Cuba A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 246-249.
- ^ Clayfield, Anna (2019). The Guerrilla Legacy of the Cuban Revolution. University of Florida Press. p. 74. ISBN 9781683401087.