Spanish irredentism mainly focuses on claims over the British overseas territory of Gibraltar, whose long-standing territorial vindication as a British colony is enshrined in the Spanish foreign policy. Along history, other minor irredentist proposals have claimed territories such as the whole of Portugal, Andorra, parts of Northern Africa, the Roussillon (including Cerdanya) and the French Basque Country (including Lower Navarre).
Unification of Iberia
editA Spain holding all of the Iberian Peninsula became a topic in Spanish nationalism beginning in the 19th century, with proponents idealizing historical Roman Hispania when all of the Iberian Peninsula was united under the same rule.[1] The identification of a unified Hispanian cultural heritage both encompassing Portugal and Spain had been developed centuries earlier with the publishing of Juan de Mariana's History of Spain (1598), in which Mariana supported a Hispanian identity based on the Reconquista, on both countries' Roman-Visigothic heritage and their common Catholic and monarchical polities.[1]
There has been strong Spanish objection to the separation of Gibraltar from Spain since British acquisition in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) in the aftermath of the Spanish War of Succession.[2] During the Spanish Civil War, the Carlists and the Falange (prior to the two parties' unification in 1937) both promoted the incorporation of Portugal into Spain. The Carlists stated that a Carlist Spain would retake Gibraltar and conquer Portugal.[3] The Falange, both prior to and after its merger with the Carlists, supported the unification of Gibraltar and Portugal into Spain. During its early years, the Falange produced maps that showed Portugal as a province of Spain.[4] After the victory of the Nationalist faction led by Francisco Franco in the Civil War, radical members of the Falange called for the incorporation of Portugal and the French Pyrenees into Spain.[5] Franco in a communiqué with Germany on 26 May 1942 declared that Portugal should be annexed into Spain.[6]
The years of World War II were fertile in the projection by several authors of irredentist fantasies across the Strait of Gibraltar (after all the Strait was to become the "neuralgic point of nationality" to them):[7] according to the Africanist Tomás García Figueras "Spain and Morocco are like two halves of the same geographical unity".[8] Historian Jaume Vicens Vives (1940) talked about a "vital space" conceptualised as a "geopolitical basic unit".[9] Rodolfo Gil Benumeya traced the links back to the Neolithic Era, pointing to a common Ibero-Berber people living on both sides of the Strait.[10] Gil Benumeya and Hernández Pacheco stressed the strengthening of those links due to Morocco once being "Mauritania Tingitana", part of the Roman Diocese of Hispania. Some of these authors, transcending historical arguments, even pointed at the Spanish-African union during "the Tertiary Epoch" when the Strait did not exist.[11]
To a lesser extent, territories adjacent to Equatorial Guinea were also subject to irredentist rhetoric in this time.[12] Claims were also made about the Spanishness of Andorra, Roussillon, Cerdanya, Lower Navarre, and the French Basque Country.[13][14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Kohl, Philip L.; Fawcett, Clare (1995). Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0521480655.
- ^ Tibor Frank, Frank Hadler. Disputed territories and shared pasts: overlapping national histories in modern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. p. 339.
- ^ M. K. Flynn. Ideology, mobilization, and the nation: the rise of Irish, Basque, and Carlist national movements in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. p. 178. [ISBN missing]
- ^ Wayne H. Bowen. Spain during World War II. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006. p. 26. [ISBN missing]
- ^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1999. p. 331. [ISBN missing]
- ^ Paul Preston. Franco: a biography. BasicBooks, a division of HarperCollins, 1994. p. 857.[ISBN missing]
- ^ Parra Montserrat 2012, p. 140.
- ^ Parra Montserrat 2012, p. 137.
- ^ Parra Montserrat 2012, p. 138.
- ^ Parra Montserrat 2012, p. 208.
- ^ Parra Montserrat 2012, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Parra Montserrat 2012, p. 141.
- ^ Parra Montserrat 2012, p. 101.
- ^ Parra Montserrat, David (2012). La narrativa del africanismo franquista. Génesis y prácticas socio-educativas (PDF). p. 142.