Spastic paraplegia 31 is a rare type of hereditary spastic paraplegia which is characterized by sensation anomalies of the lower extremities.
Signs and symptoms
editPeople with this condition usually start having symptoms either at childhood or in mid-adulthood (which is usually 30 years of age), these symptoms are proximal weakness of the lower extremities, brisk reflexes, and spastic gait.[1][2]
This disorder can also manifest itself with a more complex phenotype, people with this phenotype exhibit the symptoms mentioned before and other additional ones, these include peripheral neuropathy, bulbar palsy, dysarthria, dysphagia, distal limb amyotrophy, and impaired sensation of vibration in the distal limbs.[1][2]
Other symptoms include problems controlling the bladder and pes cavus.[3]
Complications
editThe degeneration of lower motor neurons leads to paralysis of the lower limbs, and without support, might lead someone to not be able to walk.
Genetics
editThis condition is caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the REEP1 gene, located in chromosome 2. This gene has an important role in the formation of the receptor expression-enhancing protein 1, this protein can be found in spinal cord and brain neurons.[4][5][6]
This gene provides instructions for making a protein called receptor expression-enhancing protein 1 (REEP1), which is found in neurons in the brain and spinal cord. The protein itself is located within the mitochondria, and it is important for regulating endoplasmic reticulum size, alongside determining the amount of proteins that it can process.[7]
The mutations implicated in SPG31 result in a nonfunctional and short protein that can be broken down rather quickly, thus causing a notable reduction of functional REEP1 protein.[7]
Treatment
editThe walking impairment can be managed with walking support and physical therapy
Diagnosis
editThis condition can be diagnosed through whole genome sequencing (or just by sequencing the REEP1 gene), electrophysiological studies, and by examination of the symptoms presented by the individual.[8]
Prevalence
editWhile autosomal dominant spastic paraplegias (ADSPG) like this one have a worldwide incidence of 1 in 100,000 people, this condition only accounts for 3 to 9% of ADSPG diagnosis in the world.[3][9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: Autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia type 31". www.orpha.net. Archived from the original on 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Spastic paraplegia 31 - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-07-27. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
- ^ a b "Spastic paraplegia type 31: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
- ^ "Reep1". academic.oup.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-19. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
- ^ "flybaseReep1". Archived from the original on 2022-07-19. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
- ^ Kamada, Masaki; Kawarai, Toshitaka; Miyamoto, Ryosuke; Kawakita, Rie; Tojima, Yuki; Montecchiani, Celeste; D'Onofrio, Laura; Caltagirone, Carlo; Orlacchio, Antonio; Kaji, Ryuji (2018-01-01). "Spastic paraplegia type 31: A novel REEP1 splice site donor variant and expansion of the phenotype variability". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 46: 79–83. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.10.012. ISSN 1353-8020. PMID 29107646.
- ^ a b "REEP1 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-01-30. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
- ^ Bouhouche, Ahmed; Benomar, Ali; Bouslam, Naima; Ouazzani, Reda; Chkili, Taïeb; Yahyaoui, Mohamed (February 2006). "Autosomal recessive mutilating sensory neuropathy with spastic paraplegia maps to chromosome 5p15.31–14.1". European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (2): 249–252. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201537. ISSN 1476-5438. PMID 16333315.
- ^ Beetz, Christian; Schüle, Rebecca; Deconinck, Tine; Tran-Viet, Khanh-Nhat; Zhu, Hui; Kremer, Berry P.H.; Frints, Suzanna G.M.; van Zelst-Stams, Wendy A.G.; Byrne, Paula; Otto, Susanne; Nygren, Anders O.H. (2008-04-01). "REEP1 mutation spectrum and genotype/phenotype correlation in hereditary spastic paraplegia type 31". Brain. 131 (4): 1078–1086. doi:10.1093/brain/awn026. ISSN 0006-8950. PMC 2841798. PMID 18321925.