Sphenophorus brunnipennis (common name - La Plata weevil)[1] is a beetle in the Dryophthoridae family.[1]
| Sphenophorus brunnipennis | |
|---|---|
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| (female) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | Sphenophorus |
| Species: | S. brunnipennis
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| Binomial name | |
| Sphenophorus brunnipennis (Germar, 1824)
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It was first described by Ernst Friedrich Germar in 1824 as Calandra brunnipennis.[2][3] He describes it as living in Buenos Aires.[3]
Sphenophorus brunipennis arrived in Australia from South America, and was found to have been established in Perth and Brisbane by the 1920s, and it appears to be spreading.[4] It has also been introduced into New Zealand.[5][6]
Description
editThis species is part of species group brunipennis, which differ from most other Sphenophorus species groups in their body surfaces being almost entirely glabrous (smooth and without hairs).[7]
Sphenophorus brunipennis ranges from 7 to 9 mm in length. Like most weevils, they have a rostrum (snout), which is shorter than the pronotum, curved and laterally compressed. The pronotum can be either entirely black or red with three black stripes (sometimes merging in front to form an M shape). The elytral intervals similarly can be either red or black. The pygidium has hairs in punctures that are generally obscured by encrustation.[7]
The sexes can be distinguished by the shape of the pygidium apex: truncate in males and more rounded in females. Also, the ventral surface of males is depressed or concave.[7]
Larvae of S. brunipennis reach a maximum length of 9 mm and are creamy-white in colour. The abdomen is grossly expanded at the fourth through to sixth segments.[6]
Ecology
editAdults of S. brunipennis feed on grass stems.[6] This involves inserting the rostrum into the stem and walking backwards, leaving behind a longitudinal slit.[6] The larvae feed on roots of sedges and grasses.[4]
They have been found in stomachs of toads (Bufo spp.), suggesting that toads prey on them.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b Ondrej Zicha. "BioLib: Biological library: Sphenophorus brunnipennis". www.biolib.cz. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- ^ Kimberi R. Pullen; Debbie Jennings; Rolf G. Oberprieler (18 December 2014). "Annotated catalogue of Australian weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)". Zootaxa. 3896 (1): 73. doi:10.11646/ZOOTAXA.3896.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 25543671. Wikidata Q29461218.
- ^ a b Germar, E. F. (1824), Insectorum species : novae aut minus cognitae, descriptionibus illustratae. Volumen primum Coleoptera (in Latin and German), Halle: Impensis J.C. Hendelii et Filii, p. 297, doi:10.5962/BHL.TITLE.130964, OCLC 19420204, Wikidata Q51406246.
- ^ a b Zimmerman, E.C. (1993). Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidea). Vol III Nanophyidae, Rhynchophoridae, Erirhinidae, Curculionidae: Amycterinae. Literature Consulted. Melbourne: CSIRO, Australia. p. 88.
- ^ "NZOR Name Details - Sphenophorus brunnipennis (Germar, 1824)". www.nzor.org.nz. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d May, Brenda M. (1987). "Immature stages of Curculionidae (Coleoptera): The larva and pupa of Sphenophorus brunnipennis (Rhynchophorinae) from pasture in North Auckland, New Zealand". New Zealand Entomologist. 9 (1): 37–43. Bibcode:1987NZEnt...9...37M. doi:10.1080/00779962.1987.9722491. ISSN 0077-9962.
- ^ a b c d Vaurie, Patricia (1978). "Revision of the genus Sphenophorus in South America (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae)". American Museum Novitates (2656): 1–30. hdl:2246/2970.