Spicara flexuosum, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, the seabreams and porgies. This species is found in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea.
| Spicara flexuosum | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Acanthuriformes |
| Family: | Sparidae |
| Genus: | Spicara |
| Species: | S. flexuosum
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| Binomial name | |
| Spicara flexuosum Rafinesque, 1810
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Taxonomy
editSpicara flexuosum was first formally described in 1810 by the French polymath and naturalist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque with its type locality given as Sicily.[1] When he described S. flexuosum Rafinesque classified it in the new monospecific genus Spicara, so this species is the type species of Spicara by monotypy.[2] Some authorities have regarded S. flexuosa as a synonym of Spicara maena but both FishBase[3] and Catalog of Fishes treat it as a valid species.[1] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the genus Spicarain the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World.[4] Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Boopsinae,[5] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.[4]
Etymology
editSpicara flexuosum has the genus name Spicara, which is a vernacular name for picarels, particularly S. flexuosa in Italy. This is presumed to derive from spica, “a spike”, or spicare, meaning “in the form of or furnished with a spike”, Rafinesque did not explain why he chose this name. The specific name, flexuosum, means "full of bends or curves", an allusion to the wavy yellow horizontal lines along the body of the breeding males.[6]
Description
editSpicara flexuosum may be identified by the possession of a protrusible mouth; having 73 or less scales in the lateral line. The length of the head is equal to or greater than the depth of the body. The overall colour is yellowish or grey-brownish with a brownish spot at the axil of the pectoral fins. The colour is variable and changes with season, sex and age. This species has a maximum published total length of 23.2 cm (9.1 in), although 14 cm (5.5 in) is more typical, and a maximum published weight of 120 g (4.2 oz).[3] This species is very similar to S. maena but was found to have distinct mitochondrial DNA from that species.[7]
Distribution and habitat
editSpicara flexuosum is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. It is a demersal fish found in schools at depths down to 130 m (430 ft) over sand and rubble areas of the seabed.[3]
References
edit- ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Spicara". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Sparidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Spicara flexuosa". FishBase. October 2023 version.
- ^ a b Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 502–506. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
- ^ Parenti, P. (2019). "An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae". FishTaxa. 4 (2): 47–98.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf (12 January 2024). "Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ^ Imsiridou, Anastasia; Minos, George; Gakopoulou, A; et al. (2011). "Discrimination of two picarel species Spicara flexuosa and Spicara maena (Pisces: Centracanthidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences". Journal of Fish Biology. 78: 373–377. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02858.x.