The Spirit Soldier rebellion of 1959 was an anti-Communist peasant uprising at Sizhuang County, Henan. One of several rebellions which occurred in Henan due to the catastrophic Great Leap Forward implemented by the Chinese government, it lasted for twenty days in February 1959 and was one of the largest rural rebellions in China during the 1950s.
| Spirit Soldier rebellion | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the resistance against the Great Leap Forward | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| "Regiment of Spirit Soldiers" |
 China | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 1,200 | Unknown | ||||||
Background
editCentral China has a long history of both peasant uprisings as well as secret societies. In the 1920s and 1930s uprisings took place in Hubei, Sichuan, Henan, and Guizhou,[1][2][3] during which peasant rebels organized as part of a large, decentralized Spirit Soldier movement that taught its members that they could become invulnerable by undergoing secret rituals.[2][4]
From 1958, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under Chairman Mao Zedong launched the Great Leap Forward causing a great crisis in many rural areas of China.[5] The Great Chinese Famine erupted, killing millions, while the starving peasants were not allowed to leave their villages and fields.[6] Despite the catastrophic conditions, people opposed to the Communist policies generally struggled to organize any proper opposition, as the Communist government maintained a strong hold on the country and suppressed most grassroots challenges.[5] Regardless, desperate peasants began to organize low-level resistance.[6] In many cases "redemptive societies" were involved; these were often secret societies or salvationist religions. Some of these groups went beyond spiritual and passive resistance, and actually attempted uprisings.[5] While numerous resistance groups and rebellions broke out,[7] most of these remained small in scale.[5]
Rebellion
editArmed resistance in Henan began in 1959 with cases of banditry, as members of the militia deserted, stole weapons, set up roadblocks and tried to intercept food transports.[7] According to researcher S.A. Smith, the Spirit Soldier rebellion of 1959 was one of the few open rebellions that were "by no means trivial".[5] A secret society known as "Regiment of Spirit Soldiers" (Shenbingtuan) initially gathered about 1,200 followers from several Chinese provinces such as Hubei, Sichuan, and Shaanxi. This substantial force then moved into Henan, where it attacked government offices in Sizhuang County on 2 February 1959. Chinese security forces needed twenty days to put down the uprising.[5]
Aftermath
editUnrest continued in central China and other regions during 1959 and 1960, but never came close to threatening the power of the Chinese Communist Party.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Tai (1985), p. 66.
- ^ a b Fenby (2008), p. 156.
- ^ Ch'en (2018), p. 228.
- ^ Tai (1985), pp. 66–67.
- ^ a b c d e f Smith (2015), p. 346.
- ^ a b Rummel (1991), p. 247.
- ^ a b c Rummel (1991), pp. 247–248.
Works cited
edit- Ch'en, Jerome (2018) [1st pub. 1992]. The Highlanders of Central China: A History 1895-1937. Abingdon-on-Thames, New York City: Routledge.
- Fenby, Jonathan (2008). Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present. New York City: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780061661167.
- Rummel, Rudolph J. (1991). China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. New Burnswick; London: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-88738-417-X.
- Smith, S.A. (2015). "Redemptive Religious Societies and the Communist State, 1949 to the 1980s". In Jeremy Brown; Matthew D. Johnson (eds.). Maoism at the Grassroots: Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 340–364. ISBN 978-0674287204.
- Tai, Hsüan-chih (1985). The Red Spears, 1916-1949. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Centre for Chinese Studies Publications, University of Michigan.