In topology, the split interval, or double arrow space, is a topological space that results from splitting each point in a closed interval into two adjacent points and giving the resulting ordered set the order topology. It satisfies various interesting properties and serves as a useful counterexample in general topology.
Definition
editThe split interval can be defined as the lexicographic product equipped with the order topology.[1] Equivalently, the space can be constructed by taking the closed interval with its usual order, splitting each point into two adjacent points , and giving the resulting linearly ordered set the order topology.[2] The space is also known as the double arrow space,[3][4] Alexandrov double arrow space or two arrows space.
![{\displaystyle [0,1]\times \{0,1\}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec8b084960cd7376269275722a13702d8f6ea032)
![{\displaystyle [0,1]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/738f7d23bb2d9642bab520020873cccbef49768d)
The space above is a linearly ordered topological space with two isolated points, and in the lexicographic product. Some authors[5][6] take as definition the same space without the two isolated points. (In the point splitting description this corresponds to not splitting the endpoints and of the interval.) The resulting space has essentially the same properties.
The double arrow space is a subspace of the lexicographically ordered unit square. If we ignore the isolated points, a base for the double arrow space topology consists of all sets of the form with . (In the point splitting description these are the clopen intervals of the form , which are simultaneously closed intervals and open intervals.) The lower subspace is homeomorphic to the Sorgenfrey line with half-open intervals to the left as a base for the topology, and the upper subspace is homeomorphic to the Sorgenfrey line with half-open intervals to the right as a base, like two parallel arrows going in opposite directions, hence the name.
![{\displaystyle ((a,b]\times \{0\})\cup ([a,b)\times \{1\})}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/adb9a76fbdae9958b12e67297438af689f7835eb)
![{\displaystyle [a^{+},b^{-}]=(a^{-},b^{+})}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1fee203a46ad7a96ef715db727052e4944269a)
![{\displaystyle (0,1]\times \{0\}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3272e49cb0b23fbda01056c09e884146f1d12e2a)
Properties
editThe split interval is a zero-dimensional compact Hausdorff space. It is a linearly ordered topological space that is separable but not second countable, hence not metrizable; its metrizable subspaces are all countable.
It is hereditarily Lindelöf, hereditarily separable, and perfectly normal (T6). But the product of the space with itself is not even hereditarily normal (T5), as it contains a copy of the Sorgenfrey plane, which is not normal.
All compact, separable ordered spaces are order-isomorphic to a subset of the split interval.[7]
See also
edit- List of topologies – List of concrete topologies and topological spaces
Notes
edit- ^ Todorcevic, Stevo (6 July 1999), "Compact subsets of the first Baire class", Journal of the American Mathematical Society, 12: 1179–1212, doi:10.1090/S0894-0347-99-00312-4
- ^ Fremlin, section 419L
- ^ Arhangel'skii, p. 39
- ^ Ma, Dan. "The Lexicographic Order and The Double Arrow Space".
- ^ Steen & Seebach, counterexample #95, under the name of weak parallel line topology
- ^ Engelking, example 3.10.C
- ^ Ostaszewski, A. J. (February 1974), "A Characterization of Compact, Separable, Ordered Spaces", Journal of the London Mathematical Society, s2-7 (4): 758–760, doi:10.1112/jlms/s2-7.4.758
References
edit- Arhangel'skii, A.V. and Sklyarenko, E.G.., General Topology II, Springer-Verlag, New York (1996) ISBN 978-3-642-77032-6
- Engelking, Ryszard, General Topology, Heldermann Verlag Berlin, 1989. ISBN 3-88538-006-4
- Fremlin, D.H. (2003), Measure Theory, Volume 4, Torres Fremlin, ISBN 0-9538129-4-4
- Steen, Lynn Arthur; Seebach, J. Arthur Jr. (1995) [1978]. Counterexamples in Topology (Dover reprint of 1978 ed.). Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-486-68735-3. MR 0507446.